CELL BIOLOGY

• What do plant and animal cells have in common?

  Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
• How do bacterial cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

  Bacterial cells lack a nucleus and are smaller
• What surrounds the cytoplasm in bacterial cells?

  Cell membrane and cell wall
• What is the genetic material structure in bacterial cells?

  A single DNA loop and plasmids
• What are the main parts of most animal cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What additional parts do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Chloroplasts
  • Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  It strengthens the cell
• What is the composition of the plant cell wall?

  Cellulose
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They conduct photosynthesis
• What is contained in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?

  Cell sap
• What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
• If a cell has a nucleus, is it prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

  Eukaryotic
• How do the sizes of bacterial cells compare to animal cells?

  Bacterial cells are much smaller
• What is the function of ribosomes in animal cells?

  They synthesize proteins
• What is the primary function of mitochondria in animal cells?

  site of respiration
• What is the role of cytoplasm in both plant and animal cells?

  It holds organelles and facilitates chemical reactions
• What type of cells have a cell wall made of cellulose?

  Plant cells
• Why do plant cells have chloroplasts?

  For photosynthesis to produce food
• How does the presence of a permanent vacuole benefit plant cells?

  It maintains turgor pressure and stores substances
• what is a specialized cell

  a cell that's adapted to perform a certain function
• what does differentiation mean

  process of which cells become specialized
• sperm cell's role and it's adaptations

  role=to fertilise the egg

  adaptations-lots of mitochondria so there's energy for movement

  flagellum allows it to swim to the egg

  streamlined head

  digestive enzymes which allows it to break through the egg
• explain how a root hair cell is adapted for it's role

  large surface area to absorb water and mineral ions

  lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

  protein channels to transport water and mineral ions
• cells that haven't differentiated but can differentiate to other cells

  stem cells
• explain how a nerve cell is adapted for it's role

   specialised for rapidly carrying electrical impulses around the body.

  They have a long axon to carry the impulse over long distances are branched at both ends so they can connect and pass signals between one another.
• explain how a muscle cell is adapted for it's role

  must be able to contract quickly so they contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the contraction and have protein filaments that slide over to cause the muscle to contract.
• What causes paralysis?

  Damage to nerve cells in the spinal cord
• What type of stem cells are found in early human embryos?

  Embryonic stem cells
• Why are embryonic stem cells exciting to scientists?

  They can differentiate into any human body cell
• How can embryonic stem cells be used in diabetes treatment?

  To create insulin-producing pancreatic cells
• What condition do patients with type 1 diabetes face?

  They do not produce enough insulin
• How can embryonic stem cells help patients with paralysis?

  By differentiating into functional nerve cells
• What is a common issue with stem cell transplantation?

  The body often rejects transplanted cells
• What is therapeutic cloning?

  Making stem cells with the same genetic information as the patient
• Why is therapeutic cloning beneficial?

  Cells will not be rejected by the body
• What risk is associated with stem cells grown in labs?

  They can become contaminated with viruses
• What are some ethical concerns regarding stem cell research?

  Religious beliefs about human embryos
• What do some people believe about using human embryos for treatments?

  They should not be used as potential lives
• What is the viewpoint of those who prioritize curing illnesses over embryo rights?

  They believe embryos should be used for treatments
• Where do the embryos used in research typically come from?

  Unwanted ones from fertility clinics