infection and response

• What are communicable diseases?

  Diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from individual to another.
• Define pathogens.

  Microorganisms that cause diseases.
• Define health.

  State of physical and mental well-being.
• Suggest three factors that affect health.

  Diet, stress, and hygiene.
• State the four types of pathogens.

  Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi.
• How do bacteria make you ill?

  Reproduce rapidly and damage cells, producing toxins.
• How do viruses make you ill?

  Produce inside body cells, causing damage.
• How can pathogens be spread?

  By air, droplet infection, direct contact, and water.
• State one method to prevent the spread of disease.

  Maintain good hygiene.
• Name a viral disease that leads to blindness and brain damage.

  Measles.
• How can measles spread?

  Through droplet infection.
• Name the pathogen that causes AIDS.

  HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
• How can HIV be spread?

  Through sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids.
• How can HIV infection be treated?

  With antiretroviral drugs to control it.
• Name a viral disease in plants.

  Tobacco mosaic virus.
• Describe the appearance of a plant infected with tobacco mosaic virus.

  Mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves.
• How does tobacco mosaic virus affect the plants?

  Destroys chloroplasts, reducing photosynthesis.
• How can tobacco mosaic virus be spread?

  Through direct contact
• Viral diseases can be cured. True or false?

  False.
• Where can *Salmonella* bacteria be found?

  
  

  poultry-chicken turkey
• State one symptom of *Salmonella* poisoning.

  Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, or vomiting.
• Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

  Bacteria.
• How does gonorrhoea spread?

  Through sexual contact.
• State a symptom of gonorrhoea.

  Yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina, pain while urinating
• State a long-term effect of gonorrhoea.

  infertlity
• How can the spread of gonorrhoea be stopped?

  Use condoms and limit sexual partners.
• How can bacterial diseases be treated?

  With antibiotics.
• Name a fungal disease in humans.

  Athlete's foot.
• Which pathogen causes rose black spot?

  Fungus.
• State a symptom of rose black spot.

  Damages leaves.
• Which pathogen causes malaria?

  Protists.
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes.
• How does malaria affect the body?

  Damages blood and liver cells.
• State a symptom of malaria.

  Fever and shaking.
• How can the spread of malaria be stopped?

  Use mosquito nets, insecticides, remove standing water, and take antimalaria drugs.
• How does your skin act as a defense against pathogen entry?

  Acts as a barrier and has chemicals that kill pathogens
• How does the trachea defend the body against pathogens?

  Secretes mucus to trap pathogens, and cilia move mucus up to be removed.
• How does the stomach defend the body against pathogens?

  Hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in food.
• State the three ways in which white blood cells defend the body.

  Gulp pathogens, produce antibodies, and produce antitoxins.
• What are antibodies?

  Proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens.