BIOENERGETICS

• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

  In chlorophyll and chloroplasts
• What is required for photosynthesis to occur?

  Energy in the form of light
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  Endothermic reaction
• What is glucose used for in plants?

  For respiration, starch, or fat storage
• What role does cellulose play in plants?

  It produces cell walls
• How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  Higher temperature increases rate until denaturing
• What can limit the rate of photosynthesis?

  Light intensity or CO2 concentration
• What happens if there is plenty of CO2 and warmth but not enough light?

  The rate of photosynthesis will be limited
• What does a plateau in a photosynthesis graph indicate?

  The limiting factor has changed
• How can we measure the rate of photosynthesis practically?

  By measuring oxygen volume from pondweed
• What is the independent variable in the photosynthesis experiment?

  Light intensity
• How does light intensity change with distance?

  It follows an inverse square relationship
• Where does respiration take place in cells?

  In mitochondria
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Respiration that occurs with oxygen
• What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  Opposite of photosynthesis
• What happens to breathing and heart rate during exercise?

  They increase to deliver more oxygen
• What occurs during anaerobic respiration?

  Glucose is converted into lactic acid
• What is oxygen debt?

  More oxygen needed to break down lactic acid
• What do plant and yeast cells produce during anaerobic respiration?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is fermentation?

  Process producing ethanol and CO2 in yeast
• What is metabolism?

  • Sum of all reactions in a cell or organism
  • Includes respiration and conversion of glucose
  • Involves synthesis of proteins and lipids
• What can glucose be converted into?

  Starch, glycogen, cellulose, amino acids
• What is produced when excess proteins are broken down?

  Urea
• What is the role of nitrates in plants?

  Used to make amino acids
• How does glucose contribute to protein synthesis?

  Glucose and nitrates form amino acids
• What happens to glucose in the liver after anaerobic respiration?

  It is turned back into glucose
• Why do breathing and heart rates take time to return to normal after exercise?

  Due to oxygen debt needing to be repaid
• What is the purpose of adding yeast in baking?

  To produce CO2 bubbles for rising
• What is the relationship between light intensity and distance?

  Light intensity decreases as distance increases
• How do different temperatures affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  Different temperatures can be limiting factors
• What is the significance of measuring oxygen production in photosynthesis experiments?

  It indicates the rate of photosynthesis