Impact of civil right protests

• when and where was the Greensboro sit in?


  • First of February 1960
  • Lunch counter in Greensboro North Carolina
• what are the five main events of the Greensboro sit in?


  • For male students from a local college, entered Woolworths store, and sat at a white people only lunch counter
  • They were asked to leave, and the police were called
  • The police could not arrest them as I didn’t break a law
  • Media was there to cover the story
  • They stayed there until the store closed
• what were the reactions to the Greensboro sit in?


  • The day after 25, others went with the three students
  • Inspired more protests
  • Media was supportive
  • Lunch counters are on the south started to desegregate
• within a month of the Greensboro sit in how many sit ins were there?

  • 54 cities across seven states
  • More than 50,000 people were involved
• what is the SNCC formed ?


  April 1960
• why were the Greensboro sit ins significant?


  • More young people start to join the protest
  • Nonviolent direct action that was hard to ignore
  • Attracted media attention
  • Similar protests around the country
• Who set up the SNCC?

  Ella Baker
• how did Stokely Carmichael change the SNCC?


  • Became the leader in 1966 and made a black only organisation
  • Rejected nonviolence
  • Used the phrase black power during the march against fear in 1966
  • Left SNCC in 1967
• what were the aims of the freedom riders?


  To take bus journeys across different states in protest against segregation of transport
• when did the freedom riders ride the buses?


  • Fourth of May - the 10th of December 1961
• which five main states where the buses rode?

  • Louisiana
  • Mississippi
  • Alabama
  • Georgia
  • South Carolina
• which two organisations organised the freedom rides?

  • SNCC
  • CORE
• what four main events happened to the freedom riders at Anniston?


  • Faced by an angry mob of white protesters, even when the police escorted the bus away from the city, the driver was forced to pull over as the tires were damaged
  • The mob attacked the bus and firebombed the windows
  • A second bus was attacked, and its passengers will beat up
  • After the bus finished its journey, the police chief Bull Connor allowed KKK members to type the passages
• What were the outcomes of the freedom riders?


  • 300 riders were sent to jail in Mississippi
  • The government were embarrassed that state police and politicians support the KKK
  • Kennedy intervened and announced federal officers would be deployed to enforce the desegregation
  • Southern states took action to desegregate buses and facilities
• summarise the James Meredith case


  In 1961, the University of Mississippi rejected, James Meredith is a student

  Later after the NAACP defended him in court, the Supreme Court ordered he should be admitted
• how did the Mississippi government react to the James Meredith case?


  Ignore the court ruling and physically prevented James Meredith from registering
• how did Kennedy intervene with the James Meredith case and what was the result?


  • Meredith was protected by 500 federal officers while he registered
  • 3000 people attacked the officers and shot 28 of them, needing to 2 civilians dying and 375 injured
• when and where was campaign C?

  April and May 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama
• which three groups were involved in campaign c?

  • SNCC
  • SCLC and MLK
  • Alabama, Christian movement for human rights (ACMHR)
• what were the five main events of campaign C?

  • Mass arrests on the 3rd of April 1963
  • Organisers had train children in the nonviolent methods so the protest could continue
  • On the 2nd of May, the children marched in the children’s Crusade, where 956 were arrested
  • On the 3rd of May, more children marched, and the police used dogs of firehoses, which were caught on camera
  • Kennedy intervened and sent federal troops to Birmingham on the 12th of May
• what were the results of the campaign C?

  • Lunch counters were desegregated
  • Media reports horrified the nation
  • Kennedy showed his support for the civil rights movement
  • Gave momentum for the march on Washington
  • Increase in KKK attacks and the NAACP leader was murdered in june 1963 (Medgar Evers)
• when was the march on Washington?

  28th of August 1963
• which five organisations organised the march on Washington

  • NAACP
  • CORE
  • SCLC
  • SNCC
• How many people attended the march on Washington?

  Between 250,000, and 500,000 with around 40,000 of them being white
• what was the aim of the march on Washington?


  To increase pressure on the government to pass the civil rights bill that has been promised by President Kennedy
• what were the five consequences of the march on Washington?


  • Why did the divide in the civil rights movement
  • President Kennedy met with the civil rights leaders, and gave great support to pass a civil rights
  • No civil rights bill was passed until 1964
  • Increase in violent opposition
  • Civil rights movement received even more support
• what were the four main successes of the match in Washington?


  • Largest political protest in US history
  • Peaceful protest that was broadcasted around the world with Bob Dylan and Marlon Brando involved
  • Martin Luther, King’s, I have a dream. Speech confirmed his role as a civil rights leader.
  • Huge publicity
• What were the 4 main purposes of the freedom summer?


  • increase voter registration
  • To provide summer schools and other projects
  • Targeting Mississippi which had the lowest percentage of voters registered
  • To help african Americans pass the literacy tests
• what percentage of African Americans were registered to vote in Mississippi?


  45%
• who organised the freedom summer?

  • SNCC
  • CORE
• what 5 main things happened during the freedom summer?


  • over 700 volunteers helped run projects
  • set up freedom schools teaching maths, black history and how to pass literacy tests
  • project targeted by KKK
  • 3 activists were arrested by the police and went missing
  • Their bodies were found later
• when did Michael Schwerner, James Chaney and Andrew Goldman go missing? 


  21st of june 1964
• when were Micheal Schwerner, James Chaney and Andrew Goldman found dead?


  4th of August 1964
• what 2 things did the KKK do in response to the freedom summer?


  • burnt down 37 churches and 30 homes
  • Killed three volunteers
• What were the five main consequences of the freedom summer?


  • persuaded LBJ to pass the civil rights act of 1964
  • Only 1600 out of 17000 were successful in voting
  • 80 beatings, 60 bomb attacks, 1000 arrests and 35 shootings
  • Provided basic education to many African Americans
  • Raised awareness of voter Problems
• What are the main 5 points of Malcom x and his background?


  • born in 1925
  • Father was murdered in a racist attack
  • Him and his siblings were put in foster care after his mother was put in a mental institution
  • Heavily involved in drugs and crime
  • Spent time in prison for burglary where he was introduced to the nation of islam
• What were Malcom xs beliefs?


  • he didn’t want to work with the government and white people
  • believed non violent action had failed and that violence is necessary but only in self defence
  • After his split with Nation of Islam and pilgrimage to Mecca, he began to work with White civil rights protesters and talk about human rights
• what are the four key differences between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King?


  • Malcolm X believed in separation, but MLK believed in integration
  • Malcolm X focused on economic, political and social inequalities, but I’m OK focused on ending segregation and improving voter registration in the south
  • Malcolm X did not believe in working with the white people or government, but MLK did
  • Malcolm X did not rule out violent protests whereas MLK advocated peaceful protest
• what is the main four points about the Nation of Islam?


  • Black nationalist group made in 1930
  • Separation of black and white people believing that black people should live separately, but with the same facilities
  • Not the same as Islam
  • Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam on bad terms after an argument with its leader
• when did Malcolm X leave the Nation of Islam?


  1964