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topic 2
Cell division
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Cards (66)
Why must
cell division
occur in
multicellular organisms
?
To grow and replace
damaged or worn out
tissue
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What happens to specialized cells in terms of the
cell cycle
?
Many specialized cells only go through the cell cycle once and must be replaced by
stem cells
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What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotic cells?
Mitosis
and
meiosis
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What does
mitosis
produce?
2
genetically
identical
diploid
body cells
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What does
meiosis
produce?
4
genetically
different
haploid
gametes
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What is the role of
mitosis
in
multicellular
organisms?
It is for growth, replacement of lost cells, and repairing damaged tissue
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How does mitosis relate to
cancerous
tumors?
Mitosis
is how cancerous tumors form
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What is the function of
meiosis
in multicellular organisms?
It produces
haploid
sex cells
for sexual reproduction
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What are the three key stages of the
cell cycle
?
Interphase
(G1, S, G2)
Nuclear Division
(
mitosis
or
meiosis
)
Cytokinesis
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What is the majority of the
cell cycle
spent in?
Interphase
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What occurs during
interphase
?
The cell grows and
DNA
is replicated
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What happens to
DNA
during
interphase
?
The DNA is uncondensed and
replicated
, doubling the amount
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Why is
ATP
production increased during
interphase
?
Energy is required for cell division
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What are the three stages of interphase?
G1
(gap 1) phase: cell elongates, new
organelles
and
proteins
are made
S
(synthesis) phase: cell replicates its DNA
G2
(gap 2) phase: cell continues to elongate, proteins for cell division are made
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What is
nuclear division
?
Nuclear division can be either
mitosis
or
meiosis
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What is
cytokinesis
?
The final stage where the
cytoplasm
divides to create new cells
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What is the purpose of
cytokinesis
in the
cell cycle
?
To create new cells by dividing the
cytoplasm
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What is the main topic of Miss Estri's biology video?
The
cell cycle
,
mitosis
, and the
mitotic index
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What type of cells does the video focus on regarding cell division?
Eukaryotic cells
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What is the alternative to mitosis mentioned in the video?
Meiosis
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How do prokaryotic cells replicate?
By
binary fission
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How do viruses replicate?
By injecting their
nucleic acid
into
host cells
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What are the main stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase
(
G1
,
S
,
G2
)
Nuclear division (
mitosis
or
meiosis
)
Cytokinesis
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What percentage of the cell cycle is typically interphase?
About
90%
or longer
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What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?
All
organelles
double and the cell grows in size
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What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
DNA replication
happens
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What is the purpose of the G2 phase in interphase?
It is a growth and
error-checking
stage
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What happens if a mutation is detected during the G2 phase?
The
cell
is destroyed to prevent potential harm
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What are the four key stages of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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How many rounds of division occur during mitosis?
One
round of division
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What type of cells are produced by mitosis?
Genetically
identical
diploid
cells
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What is a specific example of mitosis in action mentioned in the video?
Clonal expansion
and differentiation of
B cells
in immunity
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What happens to chromosomes during prophase?
Chromosomes
condense
and become visible
Centrioles
move to opposite poles
Nuclear envelope starts to disintegrate
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What occurs during metaphase?
Chromosomes align along the equator (
metaphase plate
)
Spindle fibers attach to
chromatids
and
centromeres
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What happens during anaphase?
Spindle fibers
retract, putting tension on
centromeres
Centromeres divide, pulling
chromatids
to opposite poles
Requires
ATP
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What occurs during telophase?
Chromosomes
become longer and thinner
Spindle fibers
disintegrate
Nuclear envelope
reforms
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What is cytokinesis?
The splitting of the
cytoplasm
to form two new cells
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What is the mitotic index?
The
ratio
of cells in
mitosis
to the total number of cells
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How do you calculate the mitotic index?
By dividing the number of
cells
in
mitosis
by the total number of cells in one field of view
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In the example given, how many complete cells are visible?
Six
complete cells
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