Formulas

• Distance travelled = average speed × time (d = s × t)
• Acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time taken (a = (v - u) ÷ t )
• Force = mass × acceleration (F = m × a)
• Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g)
• (Higher Tier) Momentum = mass × velocity (p = m × v)
• Change in gravitational potential energy = mass × gravitational field strength × change in vertical height (∆GPE = m × g × ∆h)
• Kinetic energy = 1/2 × mass × (speed)² (KE = (1/2) × m × v²)
• Efficiency = (useful energy transferred by the device) ÷ (total energy supplied to the device)
• Wave speed = frequency × wavelength (v = f × λ)
• Wave speed = distance ÷ time (v = d ÷ t)
• Work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force (E = F × d)
• Power = work done ÷ time taken (P = E ÷ t)
• Energy transferred = charge moved × potential difference (E = Q × V)
• Charge = current × time (Q = I × t)
• Potential difference = current × resistance (V = I × R)
• Power = energy transferred ÷ time taken (P = E ÷ t)
• Electrical power = current × potential difference (P = I × V)
• Electrical power = (current)² × resistance (P = I² × R)
• Density = mass ÷ volume (p = m ÷ v)
• Force exerted on a spring = spring constant × extension (F = k × x)
• (final velocity)² – (initial velocity)² = 2 × acceleration × distance (v² − u² = 2 × a × x)
• (Higher Tier) Force = change in momentum ÷ time (F = (mv - mu) ÷ t)
• Energy transferred = current × potential difference × time (E = I × V × t)
• (Higher Tier) Force on a conductor at right angles to a magnetic field carrying a current = magnetic flux density × current × length (F = B × Ɪ × l)
• For transformers with 100% efficiency, potential difference across primary coil × current in primary coil = potential difference across secondary coil × current in secondary coil (Vₚ × Iₚ = Vₛ × Iₛ)
• Change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature (∆Q = m × c × ∆θ)
• Thermal energy for a change of state = mass × specific latent heat (Q = m × L)
• Energy transferred in stretching = 0.5 × spring constant × (extension)² (E = ½ × k × x²)
• Moment of a force = force × distance normal to the direction of the force
• Pressure = force normal to surface ÷ area of surface (P = F ÷ A)
• (Higher Tier) (potential difference across primary ÷ coil potential difference across secondary coil) = (number of turns in primary coil ÷ number of turns in secondary coil) (Vₚ ÷ Vₛ) = (Nₚ ÷ Nₛ)
• To calculate pressure or volume for gases of fixed mass at constant temperature (P₁ × V₁ = P₂ × V₂)
• (Higher Tier) pressure due to a column of liquid = height of column × density of liquid × gravitational field strength (P = h × p × g)
• Magnification = real size ÷ image size​ (M = I ÷ R)
• Percentage change = (change in value - original value) ÷ original value x 100 (%Δ = (​ΔV ÷ V₀) ​× 100)
• Moles = mass ÷ Mr (n = m ÷ Mr)
• Concentration = moles of solute ÷ volume of solution (dm³) (C = n ÷ V)
• Moles of gas = volume of gas ÷ 24 dm³ (n = V ÷ 24)
• Atom economy = (relative mass of desired product / total relative formula mass of all reactants) × 100 (AE = M ÷ N × 100)
• Percentage yield = (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield ) × 100 (%η = (A ÷ N) × 100)