Lesson 1

• What type of cells contain membrane-bound organelles?


  Eukaryotic cells
• What is the function of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells?


  They separate functions inside the cell
• What organelle holds DNA in eukaryotic cells?


  The nucleus
• What are the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?


  Protein synthesis and other functions
• What is the role of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?


  They translate mRNA into proteins
• What is the function of the Golgi body?


  Packaging molecules
• What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

  Mitochondria
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plants and algae?


  They are involved in photosynthesis
• What do vacuoles store in plant cells?


  Water and enzymes
• What is the primary function of lysosomes in animal cells?


  Digesting waste and foreign substances
• How do the components of eukaryotic cells work together?


  • They function like parts of a well-run city
  • Each organelle has a specific role
  • They contribute to the overall complexity and functionality of the cell
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• What type of cells are prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are simple and lack internal membranes.
• How do prokaryotic cells carry out their functions?


  They carry out all functions in one open space.
• What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells are complex and compartmentalized.
• What does the nucleus in eukaryotic cells contain?


  The nucleus holds genetic material.
• What are membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for?


  They have specialized functions.
• What is the role of organelles like lysosomes and peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?


  They maintain specific environments to perform their tasks safely.
• What advantages does the compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells provide?


  • Allows for complex processes
  • Enables cells to grow larger
  • Manages various functions such as:
  • Energy balance
  • Metabolism
  • Gene expression
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using instructions from DNA.
• The cytoplasm contains all the other organelles, which carry out various functions within the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, waste products, pigments, and enzymes.
• Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
• Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration.
• What does the endomembrane system include in eukaryotic cells?


  The cell membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes
• What is the composition of the membranes in the endomembrane system?


  They are composed of phospholipid bilayers with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
• What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?


  To synthesize proteins and lipids
• What role does the transitional ER play in the endomembrane system?


  It forms vesicles for transport
• How do vesicles function in the endomembrane system?


  They move materials to the Golgi apparatus for modification
• What modifications can occur to proteins in the Golgi apparatus?


  Proteins can be turned into glycoproteins
• What is the function of lysosomes in animal cells?


  To break down and recycle materials
• What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?


  To store and support the cells
• What are the main functions of the endomembrane system?


  • Regulates the production of cellular materials
  • Modifies proteins and lipids
  • Transports materials within the cell