History: Middle ages

• when was it?

  1250 - 1500
• who treated sword and arrow wounds in the 100 years war?

  john of arderne
• Who used wine on wounds as an antiseptic?

  Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca
• who treated anal abscesses on knights?

  john of arderne
• what were religious and superstitious beliefs towards illness?

  • god (Christianity) and allah (islamic) sent illness as a punishment
  • believed astrology affected health
• what were religious and superstitious beliefs towards treatment?

  • pray for forgiveness
  • astrology helped when to use a certain type of treatment
  • in the christian church = care not cure
  • islam encouraged doctors to search for cures
• who supported galen?

  Christian Church
• who challenged the christian church?

  roger bacon who encouraged doctors to do their own research and learn from experiments. but the church threw him in prison as he opposed galens ideas
• who funded hospitals?

  the christian church
• how did Islam help medicine?

  • encouraged doctors to search for cures
  • had libraries which provided medical knowledge
  • had bimaristans (hospitals)
• did any herbal remedies work?

  yes, purely of luck as there was no scientific knowledge
• what did government do to help?

  • some locals councils such as york tried to introduce laws to clean up towns
  • asked people to clean towns
  • caliphs in islam were pro active and set up bimaristans and libraries to help medicine develop
• what did the government do for the black death?

  very little help
• how did european physicans learn about eastern medicine?

  constantine of africa and gerard of cremona translated arabic books such as the canon of medicine into latin
• what were hippocrates (the father of medicine) ideas?

  • doctors should observe patients, exercise, ideas dominated for 1000 years, 4 humours (phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile), scientific approach to medicine for the first time
• what did galen develop?

  the 4 humours to the theory of opposites (treating a cold with something chilly), encouraged dissection, believed the human body was perfectly designed and must have a creator, wrote 60 books
• what was wrong with most of hippocrates and galens ideas?

  they were wrong. galen dissected on pigs which didnt reflect human anatomy,
• was hippocrates greek or roman?

  greek
• was galen greek or roman?

  roman
• what did john of arderne set up?

  • guild of surgeons
  • healing cream made up of opium, hemlock and henbane
• who is avicenna?

  • wrote the canon of medicine
  • muslim
  • supported hippocrates 4 humours
• who was rhazes?

  • first accurate description of smallpox and measles
• who was constantine the african?

  • translated avicenna and rhazes work into latin
  • merchant
• who was gerard of cremona?

  • translated canon of medicine into latin
• who was ibn al-nafis?

  • islamic doctor
  • disagreed with galen
• who was caliph harun al-rashid?

  • interested in science
  • translated hippocrates and galens books into arabic
  • set up bimaristans and libraries
• what does the imbalance of humours cause?

  illness
• what were the treatments for the theory of opposites?

  • Bloodletting, cauterisation
  • purging, trepanning
• What were Physicians?

  A fully qualified Doctor, who studied at university for at least seven years
• How did Physicians learn?

  By listening to lectures, reading books, and debating, but not studying any real patients.
• What were two medical beliefs about illness which were common sense?

  • People who could not afford Physicians would often go see a healer or a barber surgeon
  • Most illnesses were treated with herbal potions, such as a cream made from butter and eggs, which were used on burns
• What were two medical beliefs about illness that were from the God and devil?

  • People would visit a non or monk if they became ill as they thought god would care for them
  • People would say prayers and would go on pilgrimages
• What were two medical beliefs about illness which were about the four humours?

  • The moon was supposed to have a great effect on the humours in the body, this impacted when a doctor might bleed a patient
  •  Hippocrates believed that disease was caused when one of the humours was out of balance 
•  What were two medical beliefs about illness which included desperate explanations?

  • People with rub snail juice in their eyes to cure blindness
  • Many would carry Lucky Charms in the hope that they would be kept well
• Who treated the Ordinary People?

  • Barber surgeon
  • A wise woman or Healer
  • The local monastery or priest
• In what ways were Arabic medicine better than Christian ideas?

  • Tried to find new cures
  • Built hospitals for mental illnesses
  • Doctors had hands-on training
  • In hospitals that were doctors not nuns
• In what ways were Arabic medicines similar to Christian ideas?

  • No human dissection was allowed
  • You have to observe symptoms
  • believed in hippocrates and Galen
• What was the big hospital set up by caliph Al Rashid called?

  baghdad
• In what ways did Christianity hinder medicine?

  •  The ban of dissecting human corpses
  • The Pope and the church were afraid that new ideas were challenged the power of the church
  • The church taught that they were supernatural explanations for everything, this prevented investigations into medical cures
• In what ways did Christianity help medicine?

  • 1000-1500 around 700 hospitals were started in England
  • The church set up and ran universities in Western Europe
  • The church encouraged people to grow on the Crusades, meaning that people traveled to the Middle East, where they became in contact with Muslim doctors who were more skilled