History: Industrial

• When was the first microscope invented?

   1677
• What is spontaneous generation


  The theory that decay causes germs
• When was a more powerful microscope invented?

   1826
•   What did Louis Pasteur do in 1861?

  • Identify germs that turned things sour
  • worked out that if you heat a liquid with germs in, the heat would kill germs
  • proved germs did not come alive on their own found in easy to read to places
  • concluded that bacteria will cause disease not the other way around
• Who was the opposition to Louis Pasteur?

  • Many doctors at the times have not accept that germ theory could apply to humans
  • he was a scientist not a doctor
• What did Thomas Wells do?

  • First British surgeon to support pasteur
  • suggested a non-chemical cause of infection (antiseptic to destroy germs)
• What did Joseph Lister do in 1867?

  • Used germ theory to suggest infections only happened when skin was broken and germs can get in tested
  • the use of carbolic acid as a barrier
  • publicised germ theory
• What was the case study for Joseph Lister's carbolic acid?

  Jamie greenlees had a fractured leg that normally would have been amputated, but Lister seted the bones back in place using dressings soaked in carbolic acid. the leg stayed infection free and healed
• What was the opposition to Joseph Lister?

  • Many people focused on chemical theories about causes of infection
  • Charles Bastion who is very influential supported the idea of spontaneous generation and spoke against him
  • many surgeons didnt see what was wrong with the current surgery and didn't want to change
• What did Robert koch do in 1876?

  • grew And stained the anthrax germ and injected mice with it to prove germ theory
  • trained many young scientists leading to many new discoveries identifying germs responsible for specific diseases
• How did Robert koch test the germ theory experiment with the mice?

  1. Took bacterium from dead animal
  2. grew microbes on a plate and Culture that encouraged them to grow
  3. used dyes to stain microbes under a microscope to identify them
  4. injected the microbes into a healthy animal which then dies
  5. photograph identified microbes so that other scientists could study and find them
• Who opposed Robert koch?

  • Started to gain acceptance in Britain
  • John Tyndall promoted his work
• What's the difference between Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch?

  Pasteur is French and koch is German significant as franco prussian war
• What did contagionits believe?

  Infection was spread by contact and could be controlled by quarantine
• In the 1880s what did Britain start accepting and what was the problem?

  • Started to accept germ Theory
  • however doctors dealing with diseases couldn't use heat and antiseptics to kill germs so they didn't know how to treat disease within the body
• What did pasteur do in 1879 by chance?

  • He identified and extracted the germ responsible
  • started the process of making a weakened form of chicken cholera
  • during the summer holidays some chicken cholera solution was left accidentally in the laboratory exposed to air
  • Charles Chamberland accidentally injected chickens with the solution
  • the chickens did not die, they had immune against the disease
•   Who was Paul ehrlich?

  • German doctor Who was part of koch's team
  • had an idea of a magic bullet that could kill individual germs
  • created the first magic bullet that cured syphilis
• Who was Emil Behring?

  • One of kochs students from Germany
  • showed that the diphtheria Germ produced a toxin
  • found the animals produced antitoxins to fight harmful bacteria
  • helped cure diseases like diphtheria
• What did James Simpson discover as a form of anaesthetic?

  chloroform
• Who were the opposition to anaesthetics?

  • Army soldiers
  • religious opposition
  • fear of death
• What did Dr John Snow give Victoria for her birth?

   Chloroform and she said it was a delightful experience
• What was the death rate of amputations in 1864-1866 without antiseptics compared to 1867-1870 with antiseptics? 


  46% to 15%
• Why were people so against carbolic acid?

  • not easy to use
  • hands can dry up
  • skin can crack
  • lungs can get irritated
  • takes long time for nurses to prepare
• In the 1800s was average age of a working man?


   30
• In Manchester, how many children died before their first birthday and how many died before the age of five?

  • 1 in 5 died before the first birthday
  • 1 in 3 died before age 5
• Why were cities and towns in the Industrial period full of cholera and tb?

  • Towns could not cope with a rise in population
  • struggle to house them
  • struggle to provide water and sewage facilities
  • perfect conditions for the spread of killer diseases
• Why were industrial towns so unhealthy?

  • Not enough housing led to overcrowding
  • Not enough sewage systems
  • low wages so they couldn't afford food and medicine
  • water was dirty
  • poor working conditions
• How many people were killed in the first cholera epidemic in 1831?

  50,000
• What were symptoms of cholera?

  • severe sickness and diarrhoea
  • Skin and Nails would turn black
  • coma
  • eventually death
• what did edwin Chadwick find out from a national inquiry he did about the living conditions and health of the Poor?

  • more diseases
  • medical officers should be appointed to take charge of each local area
  • people needed cleaner water
  • laws should be improved for sewage systems
  • however the government didn't do anything because laissez faire
• When was the first public Health Act and what did it consist of and what was the problem with it?

  • 1848
  • medical officer
  • provide sewers
  • inspect houses
  • checked food quality
  • not compulsory, Liverpool and Birmingham spent money other areas ignored it
• What did Dr John Snow do in 1854?

  • Believed that cholera was caused by contaminated drinking water
  • mapped out where cholera victims lived
  • noticed the worst cases were around Broad Street pump
  • he removed the handle which forced people to use another water pump
  • no one became ill
• Why was Florence Nightingale important?

  • Worked as a nurse during the Crimean War
  • sorted the hospitals out by getting better food, clothes, soaps, and towels
  • fired drunken nurses
  • first woman to join the Royal statistical Society
  • wrote books such as notes on nurses
  • the nightingale school nursing opened
  • improves poor peoples hospital
•  What happened in 1858 which caused the government act? 


   The Great Stink
• Joseph bazalgette was given the job of doing what?

  • Designing sewer system built a large pumping station
  • sewage was released in to the river which took it to the sea
  • given £3 million
  • built 83 miles of sewers
  • removing 420 million gallons of sewage each day
• Who were given the right to vote in 1867?

  Working class men in towns
• In 1875 what did the second public Health Act consist of?

  • Apoint medical officers
  • cover up sewers and keep them good condition
  • supply fresh water
  • collect rubbish
  • provide street lighting
• What was the impact of 19th century public health measures

  • Death rate fell to 18 in 1000 people
  • Average Age of death Rose from 30 to 50
  • Population increased Nearly 4 times to 38 million by 1901
• when was germ theory?

  1861