The immune system-defences against pathogens

• What is the first non-specific defense system against pathogens mentioned?


  Skin
• How does the skin protect against pathogens?


  It acts as a barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens.
• What is the second non-specific defense system against pathogens?


  Nose
• What role do the hairs and mucus in the nose play in defense against pathogens?


  They trap particles containing pathogens.
• What is the third non-specific defense system against pathogens?


  Trachea and bronchi
• How do the trachea and bronchi help in trapping pathogens?


  Mucus traps pathogens, and cilia move mucus up to the throat to be swallowed.
• What is the fourth non-specific defense system against pathogens?


  Stomach
• What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach regarding pathogens?


  It kills pathogens.
• What are the four non-specific defense systems against pathogens?


  1. Skin: barrier and antimicrobial secretion
  2. Nose: hairs and mucus trap particles
  3. Trachea and bronchi: mucus traps pathogens, cilia move mucus
  4. Stomach: hydrochloric acid kills pathogens
• What is one of the main features of the human body in fighting disease?


  The human body has a sophisticated defense system.
• How does the skin contribute to the body's defense against pathogens?


  The skin acts as a barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens.
• What role do hairs and mucus in the nose play in fighting disease?


  They trap particles that could contain pathogens.
• What is the function of mucus secreted by the trachea and bronchi?


  It traps pathogens that enter the respiratory system.
• What structures line the trachea and bronchi to aid in trapping pathogens?


  Cilia, which are hair-like structures, line the trachea and bronchi.
• How do cilia help in the defense against pathogens?


  Cilia waft mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.
• What does the stomach produce to kill pathogens that reach it?

  The stomach produces hydrochloric acid.
• What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?


  It kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth.
• What can be done to reduce the spread of disease?

  We can use hygiene measures, destroy vectors, isolate infected individuals, and vaccinate.
• How can hygiene measures prevent the spread of disease?


  By washing hands thoroughly before preparing food or after sneezing.
• What is an example of a hygiene measure to prevent disease spread?


  Washing hands thoroughly before preparing food.
• What does destroying vectors involve?


  Getting rid of organisms that spread disease, such as insects.
• How can insect vectors be eliminated?


  By using insecticides or destroying their habitat.
• Why is isolating infected individuals important?


  It prevents them from passing the disease to others.
• What is the purpose of vaccination?


  To reduce the likelihood of developing and passing on infections.
• How does vaccination work in preventing disease spread?


  It makes individuals less likely to develop infections.
• What are the main methods to reduce or prevent the spread of disease?

  • Being hygienic
  • Destroying vectors
  • Isolating infected individuals
  • Vaccination
• What is the significance of washing hands thoroughly for chefs?

  It prevents the infection of food and protects public health.
• What has made it harder to treat gonorrhoea?


  Increased antibiotic resistance has made it harder to treat gonorrhoea.
• What should you do before preparing food to prevent disease spread?

  Wash your hands thoroughly.