Biology, Genetics

• What is meiosis?

  Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• What are an animals gametes?

  Sperm and Egg
• What are plants gametes?

  Ovum and Pollen
• What is a diploid cell?

  Full set of chromosomes (2 sets of 23 pairs)
• Female - egg (23 chromosomes)

  Male - sperm (23 chromosomes) create zygote (46 chromosomes)

  becomes an embryo (46 chromosomes)
• What is a genotype?

  Combination of alleles an individual has for a certain characteristic
• What is a phenotype?

  An observable characteristic
• Male: XY chromosomes

  Female: XX chromosomes
• What do capital letters mean in a punnet square?

  Dominant Allele
• What do lowercase letters mean in a punnet square?

  Recessive Allele
• Give examples of genotypes

  Eyes, Hair Colour, Blood Type, Nose, Face Shape
• Probability: /4 (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%)
• Where is DNA found?

  Nucleus of a cell
• How is DNA arranged?

  In a Double Helix
• What are the complimentary base pairs?

  A & T, C & G
• A molecule of DNA contains two strands, each of which forms a helix, two strands are joined together by a pars of substances (bases) forming a double helix
• What are Alleles?

  Different versions of the same gene
• Define: homozygous

  Two of the same alleles
• Define: heterozygous


  Two opposite alleles, and one took dominance
• Recessive alleles will only cause the phenotype when there are two of them
• Define: Gene

  A section of DNA that codes for protein
• Define: Mutation

  A change in the sequence /order of bases in a gene
• Give an example of gene mutation.

  If the C protein replaced T, it could end up creating an entirely different protein and can lead to a genetically transmitted disease. e.g. brittle bone
• What are fossils?

  Imprints or remains of ancient organisms
• What does the fossil record provide evidence for?

  Evolution
• Who proposed the theory of evolution?

  Charles Darwin
• What does Darwin's theory state about organisms today?

  They evolved from simpler life forms
• What are the names of the two fossils that provide evidence for human evolution?

  Ardi and Lucy
• Where were Ardi and Lucy found?

  Africa
• How old is the Ardi fossil?

  4.4 million years ago
• What does Ardi's bone structure suggest about her ability to walk?

  She was probably able to walk upright
• What features of Ardi's anatomy suggest separate evolution from chimpanzees?

  Her foot bones
• How old is the Lucy fossil?

  3.2 million years ago
• What does Lucy's bone structure indicate about her walking ability?

  She walked in an upright position
• How does Lucy's skull compare to modern humans?

  She had a relatively small ape-like skull
• What do Lucy's foot bones suggest about her feet?

  They were similar to modern humans but curved
• Who discovered many human-like fossils?

  Mary and Louis Leakey
• What is Mary Leakey's nationality?

  British
• What is Louis Leakey's nationality?

  Kenyan
• How old are the fossils discovered by the Leakeys?

  1.6 million years ago