Memory: The multi-store model of memory (2)

• What is the purpose of a model in psychology?


  A model serves as a representation to help understand and explain complex concepts.
• Who first described the multi-store model of memory?


  Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
• Why is the multi-store model referred to as the 'modal model'?


  It was the most commonly used model of memory for a long time.
• What are the three memory stores in the multi-store model?

  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory (STM)
  • Long-term memory (LTM)
• What is the capacity of the sensory register?


  The capacity is very large.
• How long does information remain in the sensory register?


  Information remains for a very brief duration, typically milliseconds.
• What is the role of attention in memory?


  Attention focuses on sensory information, transferring it to short-term memory.
• What is the function of short-term memory (STM)?


  STM holds information for immediate tasks.
• What happens to information in STM if it is not rehearsed?


  It will disappear relatively quickly.
• What is maintenance rehearsal?


  It is the repetition of information to keep it in STM.
• How does maintenance rehearsal affect long-term memory (LTM)?


  More rehearsal leads to better retention in LTM.
• What is the potential duration and capacity of long-term memory (LTM)?


  LTM is potentially unlimited in both duration and capacity.
• What is involved in the retrieval process from LTM?


  Information passes back through STM to be available for use.
• What does the experience of hearing someone say 'DID YOU HEAR ME?' illustrate about sensory memory?


  It shows that the words are still in the sensory register when attention is focused.
• Where did Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin meet?


  Indiana University, USA
• What did Beardsley (1997) find regarding STM and LTM?


  The prefrontal cortex is active during STM but not LTM tasks.
• What does the case of HM illustrate about the multi-store model?


  HM could not form new LTMs but could retrieve old memories, supporting separate stores.
• What is a criticism of the multi-store model regarding STM and LTM?


  The model suggests they are single unitary stores, which research does not support.
• What do Craik and Lockhart (1972) suggest about memory creation?


  Enduring memories are created through deeper processing rather than just maintenance rehearsal.
• What did Craik and Tulving (1975) find about word recall?


  Participants remembered more words with deep processing than shallow processing.
• How does Logie (1999) challenge the multi-store model?


  Logie suggests that STM relies on LTM and cannot come first.
• What did Baddeley et al (2000) demonstrate about real words versus pseudo-words?


  There was more brain activity when processing real words compared to pseudo-words.
• What should a student include when outlining the multi-store model of memory for an exam?


  • Draw a diagram of the MSM
  • Describe each memory store
  • Explain the transfer processes between stores
  • Include details on capacity and duration
  • Provide examples where applicable
• What is a common mistake students make in extended writing questions about the MSM?


  They often provide insufficient descriptive detail.
• What are the key terms associated with the multi-store model of memory?


  • Multi-store model: Explanation of memory based on three stores.
  • Sensory register: Brief retention of sensory information.
  • Short-term memory (STM): Limited duration and capacity.
  • Long-term memory (LTM): Potentially unlimited duration and capacity.