Reactions of acids

• What are the products of a neutralisation reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?


  Salt and water
• What role do metal oxides and metal hydroxides play in neutralisation reactions?


  They act as bases that react with acids
• What is the general equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal oxide?


  Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water
• What is the general equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal hydroxide?


  Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + Water
• What determines the type of salt produced in a neutralisation reaction?


  The acid and the metal ion in the oxide or hydroxide
• What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?


  2HCl
• What is the formula for sulfuric acid?


  H₂SO₄
• What is the formula for nitric acid?


  HNO₃
• What is the formula for copper oxide?


  CuO
• What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?


  2KOH
• What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?


  2NaOH
• What do metal carbonates produce when they react with acids?


  A salt, water, and carbon dioxide
• What is the general equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate?


  Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
• What is the formula for sodium carbonate?


  Na₂CO₃
• What is the formula for calcium carbonate?


  CaCO₃
• How can you make soluble salts using an insoluble base?


  1. Choose the right acid and insoluble base (e.g., copper oxide and hydrochloric acid).
  2. Gently warm the dilute acid.
  3. Add the insoluble base until no more reacts (base is in excess).
• What is the reaction equation for making copper chloride using copper oxide and hydrochloric acid?

  CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O
• What indicates that all the acid has been neutralised when making soluble salts?


  When no more insoluble base reacts
• What is the general equation for a neutralisation reaction involving a metal oxide and an acid?


  metal oxide + acid → salt + water
• What products are formed when a metal carbonate reacts with an acid?


  salt, water, and carbon dioxide
• What is the equation for a neutralisation reaction involving a metal hydroxide and an acid?


  metal hydroxide + acid → salt + water
• What is the process to make soluble salts using an insoluble base?


  1. Use acid + insoluble base.
  2. Place dilute acid in a beaker and gently heat with a Bunsen burner.
  3. Add insoluble base gradually until no more reacts (base is in excess).
  4. Neutralisation occurs when solid sinks to the bottom.
  5. Filter out excess using filter funnel and paper.
  6. Heat solution with water bath/electric heater to evaporate some water.
  7. Stop heating and allow to cool for crystal formation.
  8. Filter out and dry the crystals.
• What indicates that the base has been neutralised during the reaction?


  When you see solid sink to the bottom
• What should you do after heating the solution to evaporate some water?


  Stop heating and allow it to cool
• What is the purpose of filtering the solution after the reaction?

  To remove excess insoluble base
• How does the process of making soluble salts differ when using a soluble base compared to an insoluble base?


  Soluble bases dissolve completely, while insoluble bases require filtration after neutralisation
• What is the role of heating in the process of making soluble salts?


  To help evaporate some water and facilitate crystal formation
• What equipment is used to filter out excess insoluble base?

  Filter funnel and filter paper
• If you want to obtain pure solid crystals of salt, what should you do after filtering the solution?


  Heat the solution to evaporate some water and then allow it to cool