industrial revolution

• What time period does the Industrial Revolution cover?

  18th to 19th century
• What economic developments characterized the Industrial Revolution?


  The transformation of agrarian and handicraft economies into industrial urbanized ones
• Who first used the term "Industrial Revolution"?

  French writers
• Who popularized the term "Industrial Revolution"?


  English economic historian Arnold Toynbee
• What was the Agricultural Revolution's role in the Industrial Revolution?


  It underpinned the Industrial Revolution by significantly increasing agricultural production
• When did agricultural production increase significantly?

  From the mid 18th century to the mid 19th century
• How did the increase in food output affect the population?


  It supported the expansion and sustained a large population
• What was the impact of machines on farm workers during the Industrial Revolution?


  Less farm workers were needed, allowing them to move to industrial towns
• What key invention was integral to industrialization?

  The steam engine
• What resources did the new steam engines use?


  Coal and iron
• How did roads, canals, and railways change Britain during the Industrial Revolution?


  They connected Britain and allowed goods to be sent over long distances
• What was a visual indicator of the Industrial Revolution in cities?

  Smoking factories dominating the skyline
• What were the living conditions like in industrial cities?

  Overcrowded and dirty with dangerous conditions
• What was the cottage industry?


  A system where textiles were manufactured in the home
• What inventions increased production in the textile industry?


  The spinning mule and the power loom
• Who developed a process for mass-producing steel?

  Henry Bessemer
• Why were iron and steel important during the Industrial Revolution?


  They were key materials for constructing tools, machinery, steam engines, and ships
• How did industrial labor opportunities affect population distribution in Britain?


  They drew people to cities from the countryside
• What percentage of Britain's population lived in towns in 1750?

  15%
• What percentage of Britain's population lived in towns by 1850?


  Over 50%
• What percentage of Britain's population lived in towns by 1900?

  85%
• What was the population of London by 1900?


  1. 5 million
• What was the population of Glasgow by 1900?

  760,000
• What was the population of Liverpool by 1900?


  685,000
• What was the population of Manchester and Birmingham by 1900?


  500,000 each
• Why was Great Britain the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?


  It had relative peace and stability as an island
• How did Britain's military spending affect its industrialization?


  Capital could be spent on other ventures instead of a large defensive standing army
• What role did native resources play in Britain's industrialization?


  They were abundant and readily available for technological developments
• How were engineers and inventors viewed in British society during the Industrial Revolution?


  They were respected and encouraged
• What contributed to the catalyst for industrialization in Britain?

  A powerful navy and an empire bringing in vast wealth from colonies
• Which countries emulated Britain's industrial change?


  Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the United States
• By 1900, which country became the world's leading industrial nation?


  The United States
• What was the significance of the Industrial Revolution in terms of economic development?


  It marked the transition from agrarian economies to industrialized ones
• The Industrial Revolution led to a significant increase in urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work.
• The Industrial Revolution also sparked technological advancements and innovations, such as the steam engine and mechanized textile production.
• Industrialization resulted in the growth of a new social class, the industrial working class, who faced harsh working conditions in factories.