chapter 7 chem

• What are organic compounds primarily characterized by?


  They have carbon forming the backbone of the molecules.
• What is crude oil a result of?


  It is the result of plankton being buried underwater a long time ago.
• What are hydrocarbons made up of?


  Molecules only made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• What are most hydrocarbons in crude oil classified as?


  Most of these are alkanes.
• What is the general formula for alkanes?


  The general formula is $C_nH_{2n+2}$.
• What suffix do all alkane names end with?


  All alkane names end with "ane".
• What does the prefix of an alkane name indicate?


  The prefix indicates the length of the carbon chain.
• What is the prefix for a 1-carbon alkane?


  The prefix is "meth".
• What is the prefix for a 2-carbon alkane?


  The prefix is "eth".
• What is the prefix for a 3-carbon alkane?


  The prefix is "prop".
• What is the prefix for a 4-carbon alkane?


  The prefix is "but".
• What is the prefix for a 5-carbon alkane?


  The prefix is "pent".
• What is the prefix for a 6-carbon alkane?


  The prefix is "hex".
• What is the process used to separate different length alkanes from crude oil?


  • Fractional distillation
  • Heat crude oil to evaporate it
  • Gases rise in a fractionating column
  • Different lengths condense at different heights
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?


  Because there are stronger intermolecular forces between them.
• What is LPG?


  LPG stands for liquid petroleum gas.
• What is the main use of petrol?


  It is used in cars.
• What is kerosene primarily used for?


  Kerosene is used for jet fuel.
• What is diesel oil used for?


  Diesel oil is used in cars and lorries.
• What is heavy fuel oil used for?


  Heavy fuel oil is used in large ships.
• What does complete combustion of alkanes produce?


  It produces carbon dioxide and water.
• How does viscosity change with alkane length?


  Longer fractions are more viscous, while shorter fractions are less viscous.
• What is the relationship between flammability and alkane length?


  Shorter fractions are more flammable and easier to burn.
• What are some uses of different alkane fractions?


  • Fuels (petrol, diesel, kerosene)
  • Solvents
  • Lubricants
  • Detergents
  • Polymers (plastics)
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?


  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond, while alkanes do not.
• What is a functional group in alkenes?


  A functional group is the carbon-carbon double bond.
• How can you test for an alkene?


  By adding bromine water, which turns colorless if an alkene is present.
• What happens when bromine water is added to ethene?


  The mixture turns colorless as bromine bonds to the alkene.
• What is the proper name of the product formed when ethene reacts with bromine?


  The product is called 1,2-dibromoethane.
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated molecules?


  Saturated molecules have single bonds only, while unsaturated molecules have double bonds.
• What happens when an alkene is oxidized with an oxidizing agent?


  It produces an alcohol.
• What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?


  The functional group is $COOH$.
• What is the name of the carboxylic acid derived from ethanol?


  The name is ethanoic acid.
• What are polymers made from?


  Polymers are made from repeating sections of monomers.
• What is addition polymerization?


  Addition polymerization is when monomers with double bonds join together to form a polymer.
• What is the name of the polymer made from ethene?


  The polymer is called polyethene.
• What is condensation polymerization?


  Condensation polymerization is when two monomers with functional groups react to form a polymer and release water.
• What is produced when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid?


  It produces ethyl ethanoate and water.
• What is an ester?


  An ester is a compound formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
• What is a polyester?


  A polyester is formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, creating a chain of esters.