2.1 science

• What are the three types of chemical bonds mentioned?

  Ionic, covalent, and metallic
• What is ionic bonding characterized by?

  Strong electrostatic attraction between positive ions and negative electrons
• How are positive metal ions held in metallic bonding?

  In a sea of delocalised electrons
• What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred from metals to non-metals
• What type of ion does a metal form in ionic bonding?

  A positive ion
• What type of ion does a non-metal form in ionic bonding?


  A negative ion
• What are dot and cross diagrams used for?


  To represent the transfer of electrons in ionic bonding
• What is a giant ionic structure?


  A structure formed by strong electrostatic forces between ions
• What types of diagrams can represent ionic compounds?


  2D and 3D diagrams
• What is a shared pair of electrons in covalent bonding?


  Electrons that are shared between two atoms
• Give an example of small molecules.

  H2, CH4, and H2O
• What are polymers characterized by?


  Large molecules made of repeating units
• What is the structure of diamond?


  A giant covalent structure with strong covalent bonds
• What is silicon dioxide classified as?


  A giant covalent structure
• What do lattice forces in ionic compounds do?


  Act in all directions
• What are the state symbols used in chemistry?


  (s), (l), (g), (aq)
• What is the particle theory related to states of matter?


  It explains how particles behave in solids, liquids, and gases
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?


  High melting and boiling points, conduct electricity when molten or aqueous
• What are the properties of covalent compounds?


  Small molecules with low melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity
• What are the properties of metals and alloys?


  High melting and boiling points, malleable, and conduct electricity
• What happens to intermolecular forces as molecules get bigger?


  Intermolecular forces get stronger
• What is the structure of giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite?


  They have strong covalent bonds and high melting points
• What is graphene known for?


  Being very strong, very light, and conducting electricity
• What is the structure of graphite?


  Layers of hexagonal rings with delocalised electrons
• What is Buckminsterfullerene?


  A hollow sphere made of carbon atoms
• What are nanotubes characterized by?


  A high length to diameter ratio
• What are the properties of diamond?

  • Very high melting point
  • Very hard
  • Does not conduct electricity
• What are the properties of graphite?


  • High melting point
  • Conducts electricity
  • Soft and slippery due to layers
• What are the uses of graphene?


  • Used to make composites
  • Good conductors of electricity
  • Can deliver drugs into the body
• What are the properties of polymers?


  • Strong covalent bonds between atoms
  • Solids at room temperature
  • Relatively strong intermolecular forces
• What are the properties of metals and alloys?


  • High melting and boiling points
  • Malleable
  • Conduct electricity due to delocalised electrons