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Cards (88)
What is the main topic of the final systems neuroscience lecture?
Neurogenetics
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Why is
neurogenetics
considered important for the future?
It helps us understand the biological and genetic
underpinnings
of behavior.
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What significant project was completed in 2003 related to genetics?
The Human Genome Project
Goal: Determine the complete sequence of
human DNA
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What is the term used to describe the idea that genes might influence political beliefs?
Genopolitics
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What does
DNA
stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic
acid
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What is the
structure
of DNA described as?
A
double helix
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What do
chromosomes
contain?
Genes
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What is the difference between
genotype
and
phenotype
?
Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable expression of that genotype.
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What is an example of a clear
phenotype
?
Eye color
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Why is diagnosing schizophrenia more complicated than measuring height?
Schizophrenia
presents in many different ways and lacks a straightforward
diagnostic
test.
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What are some clinical conditions with clear diagnostic criteria?
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease
Down syndrome
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What is a limitation of defining
psychological
conditions like
depression
and
autism
?
They can present in many different ways and lack absolute definitions.
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What was the main finding of the
Roscommon family study
regarding
schizophrenia
?
Immediate family members were
13 times
more likely to develop schizophrenia than controls.
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What does the term "
nature vs. nurture
" refer to in the context of
schizophrenia
studies?
It refers to the comparison of genetic influences versus environmental influences on the condition.
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What did the 1966 study by
Heston
find regarding adoptees from mothers with
schizophrenia
?
Five out of
97
adoptees were judged to have schizophrenia, all from biological mothers with the condition.
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What was the result of the
1987
study on 6,000 adoptees regarding
schizophrenia
?
Sharing genes but not the environment led to a
ten-fold
increase in the risk for schizophrenia.
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What are some limitations of
adoption studies
in
schizophrenia
research?
Adoption agencies
often select similar families.
Prenatal environment impacts development.
Adoption rarely occurs immediately after birth.
Biological and adoptive parents may not represent the
general population
.
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Why is the
prenatal
environment significant in
adoption
studies?
It can affect the biological development of the child before adoption.
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What is a
potential
issue with the timing of adoptions?
Adoptions rarely happen
immediately
after birth.
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How might shared characteristics in
adoptive families
affect research outcomes?
They may confound the results by introducing
environmental
similarities.
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How long has the adopted child been with the parent in the example given?
Nine months
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How does the level of stress experienced by a mother affect her biology?
It affects
cortisol
levels and
adrenaline
levels
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What impact does a
mother's
biology
have on the baby's development?
It impacts the baby's development significantly
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Why is it important to consider the
mother's life
even if a child is adopted immediately after birth?
Because the mother's life can still impact the baby's
development
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How often do
adoptions
occur immediately after birth?
Very rarely
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What is a limitation of
adoption studies
regarding the
representativeness
of parents?
Neither biological nor adoptive parents are representative of the
general population
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What is the significance of
twin studies
in understanding
genetic
and
environmental influences
?
Twin studies help separate the effects of genes from environmental influences
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What are the two types of twins studied in twin studies?
Monozygotic
twins (
identical
twins)
Dizygotic
twins (
fraternal
twins)
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What is the main difference between
monozygotic
and
dizygotic
twins?
Monozygotic twins share identical
genes
, while dizygotic twins do not
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How can the correlation of traits in
monozygotic
and
dizygotic
twins help infer
genetic
and
environmental
contributions?
By comparing the similarity of traits, we can infer the influence of genetics versus environment
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What does
heritability
measure?
Heritability measures the
proportion
of
variance
in a trait that is due to genetic factors
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How is
heritability
calculated?
Heritability is calculated as the amount of
genetic variance
divided by the
total variance
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What does a high
heritability
estimate for a trait indicate?
It indicates that
genetic factors
play a significant role in the
variance
of that trait
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What is the relationship between
heritability
and
environmental
factors?
Heritability can change based on environmental conditions
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How can
environmental factors
influence traits like height?
Environmental factors such as
nutrition
and
maternal health
can affect height
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What is the
significance
of understanding the impact of
environment
on
intelligence
?
It highlights the importance of education and
upbringing
in developing intelligence
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What findings did the
Maudsley twin study
reveal about schizophrenia?
It found a high
monozygotic
correlation of around
0.81
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What does a
meta-analysis
of
twin studies
suggest about the
heritability
of schizophrenia?
It suggests that the heritability of schizophrenia is around
81%
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What is the role of
genetic predisposition
in
schizophrenia
?
It indicates a significant genetic influence on the development of the disorder
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How can understanding
genetic coding
help in
schizophrenia
research?
It can help identify
neurobiological
factors involved in the disorder
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