organic year 2

• what is kekule structure of benzene ?


  planar alternating double and single bonds
• evidence against kekule model


  different bond lengths , more thermodynamic stability
• delocalised theory of benzene?


  delocalised pi orbitals around the ring with a planar structure
• reagents for nitration of benzene


  conc h2so4 and conc hno3
• generation of electrophile in nitration of benzene


  h2so4 + hno3 = hso4- + no2+ + h2o
• reagents for halogenation of benzene


  chlorine and a halogen carrier
• generation of halogen carrier for benzene


  cl2 + alcl3 = alcl4- + cl+
• what are the types of friedel crafts for benzene


  alkylation and acylation
• reagents for alkylation


  haloalkane and anhydrous alcl3
• reagents for acylation


  acyl chloride and anhydrous alcl3
• where do electron donating groups join?


  2 , 4 , 6
• where do electron withdrawing groups join?


  3 , 5
• structure of phenol


  benzene with a oh group
• how to synthesise phenol


  nitration , reduction , diazotisation
• phenol reaction in water?


  weak acid so partially dissociates
• how are aldehydes and carboxylic acids made?


  oxidising a primary alcohol with potassium dichromate and h2so4
• how to make a ketone?


  Oxidation of secondary alcohols using potassium dichromate and h2so4
• how to turn ketones and aldehydes back to alcohols?


  reduction using bh4
• what does a reaction of HCN and carbonyls make?


  hydroxy nitriles
• test for both aldehydes and ketones?


  bradys test

  reacts with carbonyls to form orange precipitate

  crystalise and compare melting points to identify
• test for an aldehyde?


  tollens test

  when heated aldehyde oxidises creating a silver mirror