social psych

• What is the main topic of Dr. Mariel Marcano-Olivier's lecture?


  Social Psychology: Key Theories and Research
• What are the key themes covered in the lecture?

  • Attitudes and Attitude Problems
  • Prejudice and Discrimination
  • Cognitive Dissonance
  • Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
  • Power and Influence
  • Social Comparison Theory
  • Social Identity Theory
• How is an attitude defined in modern research?


  An attitude is defined as an internal construct that guides us in relation to stimuli.
• What are the general characteristics of attitudes?


  Attitudes are generally positive or negative reactions towards a particular person, event, situation, object, or thing.
• What are the three models outlining the structure of attitudes?

  1. One Component Model: Affect towards a psychological object.
  2. Two Component Model: Mental readiness to act and evaluation of a psychological object.
  3. Three Component Model: Affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
• What does the One Component Model of attitudes focus on?


  The One Component Model focuses on affect towards a psychological object.
• What does the Two Component Model of attitudes consist of?


  The Two Component Model consists of a state of mental readiness to act and an evaluation of a psychological object.
• What are the components of the Three Component Model of attitudes?


  The Three Component Model includes affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
• How are attitudes formed and maintained?


  • Learned through socialization.
  • Result from direct experience and interaction.
  • Influenced by Mere Exposure Effect, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Modelling.
• What is the Mere Exposure Effect?


  The Mere Exposure Effect states that repeated exposure to something increases our attraction to it.
• How does the Mere Exposure Effect manifest in real life?


  People report increased liking for photographs of individuals after repeated exposure.
• What is Classical Conditioning in the context of attitude formation?


  Classical Conditioning involves repeated associations between a neutral stimulus and an evocative stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to trigger similar attitudes.
• How can Classical Conditioning affect attitudes?


  People may like things less if they are paired with negative stimuli.
• What role does Operant Conditioning play in attitude formation?


  Operant Conditioning suggests that attitudes that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated.
• How can Modelling influence attitudes?


  Attitudes observed in others can be copied or imitated, especially by children.
• What is prejudice defined as?


  Prejudice is an attitude about a social group, often involving negative beliefs or behaviors towards its members.
• How can prejudiced attitudes lead to discrimination?


  Prejudiced attitudes can result in overt or covert discrimination against individuals based on their social group membership.
• What is overt discrimination?


  Overt discrimination involves direct and open actions against individuals based on their social group.
• What is covert discrimination?


  Covert discrimination involves indirect and subtle methods of acting against individuals based on their social group.
• What is cognitive dissonance?


  Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant state of psychological tension generated by two or more inconsistent cognitions.
• How do individuals typically respond to cognitive dissonance?


  Individuals seek harmony by changing either their behavior or their attitude to reduce dissonance.
• What conditions must be present for a group to maintain belief after a failed prophecy?


  Five conditions must be present, including deep conviction, commitment, specificity of belief, recognition of disconfirmatory evidence, and social support.
• What are the implications of Festinger's conditions for contemporary movements like the anti-vax movement?


  • Deep conviction in beliefs.
  • Commitment to actions based on beliefs.
  • Specific beliefs that can be disconfirmed.
  • Recognition of disconfirmatory evidence.
  • Social support among believers.
• What are self-schemas?


  Self-schemas are cognitive structures that represent knowledge about ourselves.
• How do self-schemas vary among individuals?


  People have clear self-schemas on some aspects of themselves but not on others, being schematic on extreme dimensions.
• What is Freud's Tripartite personality model?


  Freud's model includes the Id, Ego, and Superego.
• What does the Id represent in Freud's model?


  The Id represents the pleasure principle and contains unrepressed libidinal urges.
• What is the role of the Ego in Freud's Tripartite model?


  The Ego represents the reality principle and attempts to balance the desires of the Id and Superego.
• What does the Superego represent in Freud's model?


  The Superego represents the morality principle and contains internalized societal norms and values.
• How does the Collective Self differ from individual psychology?


  The Collective Self encompasses properties from the groups of which an individual is a member and cannot be studied solely in terms of individual psychology.
• What is Social Comparison Theory?


  Social Comparison Theory posits that individuals compare their views and behaviors to those of others to identify social norms.
• What is the difference between downward and upward social comparisons?


  Downward social comparisons involve comparing oneself to someone slightly worse, while upward comparisons involve comparing to someone better.
• What strategies can be used to cope with upward social comparisons?


  • Exaggerate the person's ability.
  • Change the person of comparison.
  • Create distance from the person.
  • Devalue the comparison.
• What is the Social Evaluation Maintenance Model?


  • Explains how upward social comparisons can influence self-esteem.
  • Suggests strategies to protect self-esteem during comparisons.
• What is the positive impact of feeling better on self-esteem?


  It has a positive impact on self-esteem and requires no protection methods.
• What is an example of upward social comparison?


  Comparing oneself to someone who has achieved a higher grade, like Hannah getting an A.
• What does the Social Evaluation Maintenance Model suggest about upward social comparisons?


  It suggests that upward social comparisons can negatively impact self-esteem.
• What strategies can be used to protect self-esteem during upward social comparisons?


  • Exaggerate the other person's ability
  • Change the person of comparison
  • Create distance from the person
  • Devalue the comparison
• What is a social reflection in the context of social comparison?


  A social reflection occurs when the domain of comparison is irrelevant or when one is certain of their own abilities.
• How does certainty in one's ability affect social comparison?


  It allows individuals to feel good about others' successes without feeling disheartened.