enzymes

• What is the living cell often described as?


  A miniature chemical factory
• What do cells extract and apply energy for?


  To perform work
• What phenomenon do some organisms use to convert energy to light?


  Bioluminescence
• What does metabolism encompass in an organism?


  The totality of an organism's chemical reactions
• How does metabolism benefit organisms?


  It allows them to grow, reproduce, maintain structures, and respond to their environments
• What is an emergent property of life that arises from molecular interactions within the cell?

  Metabolism
• What is a metabolic pathway?


  A series of linked reactions that begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
• What catalyzes each step in a metabolic pathway?


  A specific enzyme
• What do catabolic pathways do?


  They release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
• What is an example of a catabolic pathway?


  Cellular respiration
• What do chemical reactions in metabolism either do with energy?


  Store or release energy
• What do anabolic pathways do?


  They consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
• What is an example of an anabolic process?


  The synthesis of protein from amino acids
• How can chemical reactions in organisms be classified based on free energy changes?


  As either exergonic or endergonic
• What characterizes an exergonic reaction?


  It proceeds with a net release of energy
• What characterizes an endergonic reaction?


  It absorbs energy from its surroundings
• What is energy defined as?


  The capacity to cause change or do work
• What are some forms of energy that can perform work?

  Light energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy
• What is kinetic energy associated with?


  Motion
• What is thermal energy?


  Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
• What is heat in terms of energy?

  Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another
• What is potential energy?


  Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
• What is chemical energy?


  Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
• Can energy be converted from one form to another?


  Yes, energy can be converted from one form to another
• What is thermodynamics?


  The study of energy transformations that occur in nature
• How do organisms interact with their surroundings in terms of energy?


  They transfer energy and matter between the system and its surroundings
• What does the first law of thermodynamics state?


  The energy of the universe is constant
• What is another name for the first law of thermodynamics?


  The principle of conservation of energy
• What does the second law of thermodynamics state?


  Some energy is unusable and often lost as heat during energy transfer

  
• What happens to glucose when it is broken down for energy?


  40% becomes ATP, 60% is lost as heat
• What does every energy transfer or transformation do to the disorder of the universe?


  It increases the disorder by releasing heat into the environment
• What are the three main kinds of work a cell does?

  Chemical, transport, and mechanical work
• What is energy coupling?


  The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
• What is ATP?


  Adenosine triphosphate, the cell's energy shuttle
• How much ATP does a cell make per second?


  About 10 million ATP
• Where does ATP production take place?


  In the mitochondria
• What are the components of ATP?


  Ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups
• What happens when the terminal phosphate bond of ATP is broken?


  Energy is released from ATP
• Why does ATP hydrolysis release a lot of energy?


  Due to the repulsive force of the three negatively charged phosphate groups
• How does ATP perform work?


  By transferring a phosphate group to another molecule