Chloroplasts and viruses/prokaryotes

• What shape are chloroplasts typically described as?


  Oval or disc-shaped
• What type of membrane do chloroplasts have?


  They have a double membrane: outer and inner membrane
• What are thylakoids in chloroplasts?


  Flattened sacs arranged in stacks called grana
• What is the stroma in chloroplasts?


  Fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids
• What is the primary function of chloroplasts?


  Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
• Where do light-dependent reactions occur in chloroplasts?


  On thylakoid membranes
• Where do light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) occur?


  In the stroma
• What is chlorophyll?


  Green pigment that absorbs light energy
• What are carotenoids?


  Other photosynthetic pigments
• What role do enzymes play in the Calvin cycle?


  They facilitate the biochemical reactions in the stroma
• Why are chloroplasts important for plants?


  They convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
• What byproduct do chloroplasts produce during photosynthesis?


  Oxygen
• How do chloroplasts contribute to the carbon cycle?


  They are crucial for energy flow in ecosystems
• What is the believed origin of chloroplasts?


  They originated from endosymbiosis of photosynthetic bacteria
• What is the cell wall of prokaryotes usually made of?


  Peptidoglycan
• What type of membrane do prokaryotes have?


  Phospholipid bilayer
• What does the cytoplasm of prokaryotes contain?


  Ribosomes and plasmids
• What is the nucleoid in prokaryotes?


  Region containing circular DNA
• What are flagella and pili used for in prokaryotes?


  Movement and attachment
• What is a capsid in viruses?


  Protein coat
• What does the nucleic acid core of a virus contain?


  Either DNA or RNA
• What is an envelope in some viruses?


  Derived from host cell membranes
• How do viruses reproduce?


  By using host cell machinery
• What is genetic transfer in viruses?


  Can transfer genes between organisms
• How do viruses drive host evolution?


  Through selective pressure
• What role do some viruses play in ecosystems?


  They regulate host population sizes
• What is the role of prokaryotes in decomposition?


  They break down organic matter
• How do prokaryotes contribute to nutrient cycling?


  They are key players in carbon, nitrogen, and other biogeochemical cycles
• What type of relationships do prokaryotes form with other organisms?


  Beneficial relationships (e.g., gut bacteria)
• Can some prokaryotes perform photosynthesis?


  Yes, some prokaryotes can perform photosynthesis
• What is fermentation in prokaryotes?


  Conversion of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen
• How do some prokaryotes cause diseases?


  By being pathogenic to plants and animals
• What is the adaptation of prokaryotes to extreme environments?


  They can survive in a wide range of habitats