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AP Biology
unit 3
photosynthesis
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What are
autotrophs
?
Organisms that
make
their own food
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What do
photoautotrophs
do?
They transform sunlight energy into chemical energy using
CO2
and
H2O
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How do
chemoautotrophs
obtain their nutrients?
They obtain
inorganic
nutrients and combine them with
CO2
to make organic food
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What are
heterotrophs
?
Consumers that obtain organic food by eating other organisms or their
by-products
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Which organisms make the majority of O2 on our planet?
Cyanobacteria
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What is the major site of
photosynthesis
in plants?
Leaves
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What is the function of
stomata
in plants?
They
facilitate
gas exchange
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What is the
organelle
where
photosynthesis
occurs?
Chloroplast
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What are the main components of a
chloroplast
?
Double membrane,
thylakoids
,
grana
,
stroma
, and
chlorophyll
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What is the chemical equation for
photosynthesis
?
6
CO2
+ 6
H2O
+ Light energy →
C6H12O6
+ 6 O2
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What type of process is
photosynthesis
?
It is a
redox
process
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What happens to water during
photosynthesis
?
Water is
oxidized
, and electrons are transferred to
CO2
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What are the two major steps of
photosynthesis
?
Light reactions
: Excite electrons in
chlorophyll
, produce
NADPH
and
ATP
Calvin cycle
: Fix carbon into organic molecules like
glucose
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What is the
visible spectrum
?
The array of colors from red to violet that can be separated using a
prism
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What is the role of pigments in
photosynthesis
?
Pigments
absorb visible light and reflect certain colors
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What are the two most common types of
chlorophyll
?
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll
b
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What are
accessory pigments
?
They absorb colors that
chlorophyll a
cannot and help capture more light energy
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What was the conclusion of
Engelmann's
experiment?
Violet-blue
and
red light
are most effective in driving
photosynthesis
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What are the phases of the
Calvin cycle
?
Carbon fixation:
CO2
attached to
RuBP
Reduction: Electrons from
NADPH
reduce to
G3P
Regeneration: G3P rearranged to RuBP
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What is
chemiosmosis
?
The process of making
ATP
using a
proton concentration gradient
across membranes
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What is the role of
ATP synthase
in chloroplasts?
It uses the
proton-motive force
to make ATP
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How do
light reactions
and the
Calvin cycle
differ?
Light reactions: Convert light energy to
ATP
and
NADPH
, release O2
Calvin cycle: Use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to
G3P
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How do
chloroplasts
and
mitochondria
generate ATP?
Both use
chemiosmosis
but different energy sources
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What is the spatial organization of
chemiosmosis
in
chloroplasts
?
It occurs across the
thylakoid membrane
and
stroma
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What is the main product of the
Calvin cycle
?
G3P
(
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
)
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What happens to
G3P
produced in the
Calvin cycle
?
It can be used to make glucose and other organic compounds
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What is
cyclic electron flow
?
An alternative cycle when ATP is deficient, using
Photosystem I
only
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What are the key differences between light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions?
Light reactions: Occur in thylakoid membranes, produce ATP and NADPH, split water
Calvin cycle: Occur in stroma, use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to G3P
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What is the role of RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
RuBP is the molecule to which CO2 is attached during carbon fixation
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What is the significance of the
porphyrin ring
in
chlorophyll
?
It is the light-absorbing "head" of the molecule
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How does the structure of chlorophyll a differ from chlorophyll b?
A slight difference in molecular structure allows them to absorb different colors of light
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