T2 ORGANISATION

• Enzymes are biological catalysts that are never used up in the process.
• enzymes are long chains of amino acids, So a protein
• the shape of an enzyme's active site determines which substrates it can bind with
• The active site is where substrate molecules bind to enzyme
• In the induced-fit model, the active site changes its shape to accommodate the substrate.
• The lock-and-key model suggests that the active site is fixed and only one substrate will fit into it at any time.
• what happens to enzymes over 37 degrees celcius?


  They denature, so active site changes shape.
• How does pH affect enzymes?


  the bonds in the enzyme start to break. It denatures. Normal can be pH7 or different circumstances like the stomach at pH2. But Bile can change pH off the stomach
• what are protein used for?


  growth and repair, producing new cells
• What are carbohydrates used for?


  providing energy for chemical reactions (glucose)
• what are fats and lipids used for?


  insulate and regulate bod temperature. And gives energy for chemical reactions
• Vitamin A is good for Hair and Skin
• A lack of vitamin C causes Scurvy
• What causes scurvy?


  Lack of vitamin C
• What is Rickets caused by?


  No Vitamin D + because no calcium is absorbed
• What is rickets?


  Bowed legs in children, lack of calcium for bone development
• What is Anaemia?


  Where the haemoglobin is lacking in the body , because it lacks Iron. Iron is a component of Haemoglobin
• What does a lack of Iron Cause?

  Anaemia
• What causes Anaemia?


  Lack of Iron for Haemoglobin
• Fibres help move foo din intestines, so no Diarrhoea or constipation
• Water is for chemical reactions, and is lost by breathing sweating or urinating
• What are carbohydrates made of?


  Glucose - Monomers are simple sugars like glucose , polymers are more complex carbohydrates like glycogen
• what enzymes are carbohydrates breaking down by?

  amylase - saliva and pancreas
• What enzymes break down protein?


  Protease- made in stomach and pancreas
• What enzymes break down lipids?


  lipase- made in pancreas and broken down in small intestine
• Starch is a polymer of Glucose. What is it broken down by?


  Maltose and Amylase
• Chewing increases surface area

  Saliva has enzymes to break down food

  Stomach contains pepsin, amylase and acids to create environment for enzymes. Also has muscular walls to mix food

  Pancreas releases enzymes into small intestine

  Bile is made in the liver and is released by the gall bladder

  bile emulsifies fats and turns it into goblets

  Large intestine absorbs water , faeces removed by shitting
• where is deoxygenated blood pumbed by?


  right ventricle
• Where is oxygenated blood puped by?


  left ventricle
• Where are the pace marker cell sin heart?

  right atrium
• the vena cava leads into the right atrium
• the pumlonary vein leads into the left atrium
• the aorta leads out of the left ventricle
• the pulmonary artery leads out of the right ventricle