MEMORY

• What is the theoretical model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968?


  The multistore model of memory
• What are the three stores in the multistore model of memory?

  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory (STM)
  • Long-term memory (LTM)
• What is the duration of the sensory register?


  Approximately 250 milliseconds
• How does information pass from the sensory register to short-term memory?


  Through attention
• What is the coding method for short-term memory?


  Acoustic coding
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?


  Seven plus or minus two items
• What happens to information in short-term memory when new information enters?


  It is lost by displacement
• What is the duration of short-term memory?


  Approximately 18 seconds
• How is long-term memory coded?


  Semantically, in the form of meaning
• What is the duration of long-term memory?


  Very long, potentially limitless
• What is the primacy effect in memory recall?


  The tendency to recall the first items in a list better
• What is the recency effect in memory recall?


  The tendency to recall the last items in a list better
• What did Sperling's study on sensory register suggest about its capacity?


  It has a large capacity, but information is forgotten quickly
• What did the study by Glaser and Kunitz find about memory recall?


  Words at the start and end of lists are recalled better than middle words
• What did Jacobs' study reveal about the capacity of short-term memory?


  It averages seven items for letters and nine for numbers
• What is chunking in relation to short-term memory?


  Grouping items into smaller sets to improve recall
• What did Peterson and Peterson's study indicate about short-term memory duration?


  It is very short, less than 10% recall after 18 seconds
• What did Wagner's diary study suggest about long-term memory recall?


  Long-term memory has a very large capacity and can retain details over years
• What did Barck's study find about recalling names from photographs?


  Recall was 90% after 15 years and 80% after 48 years
• What are the criticisms of cognitive tests of memory like the MSM?


  They are often highly artificial with low mundane realism
• What are the three types of long-term memory?


  • Declarative (explicit)
  • Non-declarative (implicit)
  • Procedural
• What is episodic memory?


  Memory of experiences and events that are timestamped
• What is semantic memory?


  Memory of facts, meanings, and knowledge that is not timestamped
• What is procedural memory?


  Unconscious memory of skills, often learned in childhood
• What did Kadeem's study find about children with hippocampal damage?


  They had episodic amnesia but could learn semantic information
• What does Clive Wearing's case illustrate about memory types?


  He has retrograde amnesia for episodic memories but retains semantic knowledge
• What is the significance of idiographic case studies in memory research?


  They provide insights but may not generalize to the wider population
• What is the working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch?


  A theoretical model that describes memory as an active processor with multiple stores
• What are the components of the working memory model?


  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?


  It controls attention and filters information
• What is the capacity of the central executive?


  Limited to four items and one strand of information at a time
• What does the phonological loop do?


  Processes sound information and stores words recently heard
• What is the capacity of the phonological loop?


  Approximately 2 seconds of speech
• What does the visuospatial sketchpad do?


  Processes and codes visual and spatial information
• What is the episodic buffer's role in the working memory model?


  It holds and combines information from various sources
• What did Baddeley's study on word length effect reveal?


  Participants recalled more monosyllabic words than polysyllabic words
• What are the criticisms of the working memory model?


  The central executive lacks a full explanation of its function
• What is interference theory in memory?


  Forgetting occurs due to confusion from other information
• What is proactive interference?


  Old information disrupts the recall of new information
• What is retroactive interference?


  New information disrupts the recall of old information