cell cycle and mitosis

• what 3 stages does the cell cycle consist of

  interphase

  nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis).

  cytokinesis
• what is interphase 


  cell prepares for division
• what does interphase consist of

  G1 (gap one)

  Synthesis. (S)

  G2 (gap two)
• 3 things that happen in interphase GSR


  • Cell growth - increase in cytoplasm.
  • Synthesis of proteins - proteins are used to replicate
  • Replicating DNA - double the genetic material.
• what is mitosis 


  the nucleus of the cell divides in two
• what is cytokinesis 


  division of the cytoplasm to create 2 identical cells
• why do cells need to divide 


  growth to increase biomass and size

  repair to replace or repair damaged tissue
• what happens in synthesis phase


  DNA replicates
• chromosomes 


  Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of protein and DNA.
•  what are the two chromatids in each chromosome are held by

  The centromere
• what are the two chromatids within a chromosome are known as and why


  sister chromatids because they are genetically identical. 
• diagram of a chromosome

  
• haploid 


  cells with single copy of each chromosome!
• diploid 


  cells with a nucleus that has two sets of chromosomes
• What are chromatids in the context of homologous chromosomes?


  Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere
• homologous chromosomes 


  a pair of chromosomes with the same gene loci but different alleles
• What is mitosis?

  Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
• What happens during prophase in mitosis?


  Chromosomes condense and become visible.
• What occurs during metaphase in mitosis?


  Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
• What happens during telophase in mitosis?


  Nuclear membranes form around the two sets of chromosomes.
• What is the main event of anaphase in mitosis?


  Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• What occurs after the four main phases of mitosis?


  Cytokinesis occurs, dividing the cytoplasm to form two separate cells.
• what does mitosis create 


  2 identical diploid cells
• what does meiosis create 


  4 genetically non identical haploid cells
• what does mitosis create cells for


  identical dna for growth and repair
• what does meiosis create 


  gametes (sex cells)
• order of the stages of mitosis (PMAT)

  prophase

  metaphase

  anaphase

  telophase
• acronym of order of mitosis 


  purple mice are tasty
• why do we need mitosis

  growth

  repair or replace damaged tissue.

  Asexual reproduction - Some organisms reproduce using mitosis to form genetically identical offspring

  Development of body plans

  stem cells
• what process do stem cells divide by 


  mitosis
• 3 things that happen in prophase CCN


  • Chromosomes condense and become visible.
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles and begin forming spindle fibers.
  • nucleolus disappears, the nuclear envelope breaks down.
• what are centrioles 


  where spindle fibres are released from
• 2 things that happen in metaphase CS


  Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator

  Spindle fibres attach to centromere and chromatid
• centromere 


  Circular pinch point that holds together two chromatids
• 2 things that happen in anaphase CSC


  Centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids.

  Spindle fibers contract

  Chromatids pulled to opposite poles, creating a 'V' shape.
• what type of energy does anaphase require 


  ATP provided by respiration in mitochondria
• why does the centromere divide in 2 in anaphase 


  spindle fibres retract and pull centromere and chromatids to opposite poles
• what 2 things happens in telophase 


  • Chromatids reach the poles and uncoil into long, thin chromosomes.
  • Nuclear envelopes form around each set, creating two nuclei.
• last stage of cell cycle


  cytokinesis
• equation of mitotic index


  number of cells in mitosis divided by total number of cells