semestral

• What is the required dose of a more potent drug compared to a less potent drug to produce the same effect?


  A higher dose
• What term describes a series of alleles found in a linked locus in a chromosome?

  Haplotype
• What is inflammation characterized by?


  It includes the release of cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and peptides.
• Which enzyme produces prostaglandins from arachidonic acid during inflammation?

  Cyclooxygenase-2
• What are the major physiological roles of eicosanoids?


  They include gastric protection, renal function, and vascular homeostasis.
• Which vasodilator increases in the blood or tissues of patients treated with captopril?


  Bradykinin
• What gastrointestinal side effect is associated with misoprostol?


  Increased gastrointestinal motility and diarrhea.
• What is the potential benefit of selective beta-3 adrenoceptor agonists in treating obesity?


  Increased thermogenesis.
• What complication can arise from drug injection?

  Infection
• What angle should the needle be at when administering a parenteral drug to a pregnant woman?


  90 degrees
• Which peptide causes arteriolar vasodilation and venoconstriction?


  Bradykinin
• What is the first-line treatment for acute hypersensitivity reactions?


  Epinephrine
• Which drug acts as an osmotic laxative?

  Sorbitol
• Which topical acne treatment may cause temporary yellow discoloration of the skin and hair?

  Dapsone
• How are first and second generation H1 receptor antagonists classified?


  Based on CNS bioavailability.
• What uterine stimulant is derived from membrane lipid in the endometrium?


  Prostaglandin PGF2a
• What condition is Ampalaya endorsed for by the DOH?


  Hyperglycemia
• What pharmacologic effect can be expected from dexfenfluramine hydrochloride?


  Increased cardiac output.
• Which serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist has a pronounced QT interval prolongation?


  Dolasetron
• Which group of drugs is not used for the treatment of IBS?

  Glucocorticosteroids
• What is the limitation of the deltoid muscle as a site for intramuscular injection?


  Maximum amount of 5 ml can be delivered.
• Why are drugs available in different formulations?


  To enhance drug solubility and stability.
• What is the term for the amount of attraction between a drug and receptor?

  Affinity
• Which agent causes vasodilation and may be useful in pulmonary hypertension?


  Prostacyclin
• What is the action of loperamide and diphenoxylate as anti-diarrhea agents?


  They inhibit presynaptic cholinergic nerves in the myenteric plexus.
• Which Cytochrome P450 enzyme preferentially metabolizes anticancer drugs?


  CYP3A4
• What advice should be given to a patient injecting a parenteral drug multiple times a day?


  Inject the drug in alternating sites.
• Which Cytochrome P450 enzyme preferentially metabolizes Vitamin K antagonists like warfarin?


  CYP2C19
• Which layer of the skin increases a drug's half-life for once-a-day dosing?

  Stratum corneum
• What is the macromolecular component of the cell that interacts with a ligand in a lock-and-key fashion?


  Drug receptor
• Which administration route is most likely subject to the first-pass effect in the liver?


  Oral Multivitamins
• Which adrenergic receptor antagonist increases heart rate at rest but reduces it during exercise?


  Pindolol
• Which antiemetic drug has a long serum half-life of 40 hours?


  Palonosetron
• What are the characteristics of bulk-forming laxatives?


  • Indigestible, hydrophilic colloids
  • Absorb water
  • Form an emollient gel
  • Distend the colon and promote peristalsis
  • Common preparations include psyllium, methylcellulose, and polycarbophil
• Which peptide causes increased capillary permeability and edema?


  Bradykinin
• What effect is typical of an intravenous infusion of norepinephrine?


  Increase peripheral resistance and decreases heart rate.
• What adverse effect is most likely to be manifested by a patient taking diphenhydramine for severe urticaria?


  Drowsiness
• What are some examples of bulk-forming laxatives?


  Psyllium, methylcellulose, and polycarbophil
• What does a high concentration of a peptide in blister fluid indicate in field workers exposed to a plant toxin?


  It indicates increased capillary permeability and edema
• What is the typical effect of an intravenous infusion of norepinephrine?


  It increases peripheral resistance and heart rate