Cold War

• when was the Yalta conference and what was agreed?


  February 1945

  -Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 different zones,

  -Germany to pay 20 million reparations (and 1/2 will go to the Soviets)
• what were the consequences of the yalta conference?


  -Showed lack of agreement eg over reparation process

  -showed stalin wanted lots of land
• when was the Tehran Conference and what was agreed?

  -November 1943

  -USSR could keep land in Eastern Europe if they won the war ( to make Germany weaker)

  -An international organisation would be created

  -USA and Britain launch another attack on Germany so German army would reduce troops in the East
• what were the consequences of the Tehran Conference?


  -very good and beneficial for the USSR

  -gain lots of land
• When as the Potsdam conference and what was agreed?


  July 1945

  -Germany would be demilitarised,

  -there would be democracy,

  -Soviets would gain 1/4 of goods made in Western Europe in return for supplying food and coal
• what were the consequences of the Potsdam conference?


  -lots of disagreements, it highlighted the differences between capitalism and communism
• when was the atomic bomb dropped, where and how many people died?


  -6th August 1945

  -Truman dropped it over Hiroshima and Nagasaki

  -over 120,000
• what were the consequences of the atomic bomb dropping?


  USSR saw the USA as a great danger to the world

  -Stalin took control of more land between USSR and Germany as a 'buffer zone
• describe the first telegram sent out and when?


  -February 1946

  -Long telegram- Kennan sent a detailed telegram about the USSR's attitude towards the USA (that Stalin wanted disruption of (capitalism)
• what were the consequences of the Long telegram?


  -USA started 'containment'

  -which meant keeping communism in the USSR only
• describe the second telegram and when was it?


  -1946

  -Novikov telegram

  -sent by soviet diplomat, shows USA didn't trust USSR

  -showed that America not afraid of war
• what were the consequences of the Novikov Telegram


  -USSR felt the need to occupy more land for safety
• What was the iron curtain speech?


  Winston Churchill's speech when he said that Europe is divided by "an iron curtain" in 1946 , behind it was USSR controlled countries
• what were the consequences of the iron curtain speech


  -increased tension

  -both sides strengthened their forces
• why were satellite states made?


  -barrier between Germany and USSR

  -showed power and strength

  -increase of communist influence
• name 5 satellite states and how/when


  -East Germany

  -Poland- 1947 as a communist government

  -Czechoslovakia- 1948 a communist government

  -Hungary - 1949

  -Romania- voted communist after intimidation
• What was the Truman Doctrine?


  -12th March 1947

  -Truman announced he would provide economic help to countries being threatened by communism

  -promised 400 million dollars, sent US soldiers to Greece and Turkey
• what followed the Truman Doctrine? describe it


  -Marshall plan- gave 12.7 billion dollars between 1948-52

  -economic aid to countries hit by war

  -offered money to satellite states, stalin refused
• What did Stalin call the Marshall Plan?


  -Dollar imperialism

  -he thought it was the USA trying to be more powerful and create American Empire in Europe
• what were the consequences of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan


  -friendly Grand Alliance now gone

  -USA in direct opposition to USSR

  -Europe divided into Western and East
• What was Cominform? When?


  1947- every Eastern Europe country was to follow Stalin's ordered, every country would have a cominform office
• what was Comecon? When?


  -1949

  -no Eastern Europe country could take money from the USA

  -there would be trade only between communist countries, communist party took over all industries
• what were the consequences of comecon and cominform?


  -increased tensions

  -made divide greater
• what was the Berlin Crisis and when?


  -March 1948

  -USA , Britain and France united their zones in Trizonia

  -they created.a currency called Deutshmark
• when and what was the Berlin Blockade?


  24th Of June 1948

  -USSR blocked off any land route in and out of Berlin

  -this stopped food and essentials reaching Trizonia
• when and what was the Berlin Airlift?


  -June 1948 to May 1949

  -America flew in food and resources instead

  -there was a risk the planes might have been shot but it didnt happen

  -over 1000 tonnes of food flown in

  -After a year, Stalin removed the blockade
• what were the consequences of the Berlin Airlift?


  -made Stalin look weak

  -West proved they could success peacefully

  -3 days after, USA, Britain and France officially united
• When and what was NATO?


  -1949

  -Western powers eg USA Britain France and 9 others united

  -from 1949 American troops stationed in Europe
• When and what was the Warsaw Pact?


  -1955

  -all of Satellite States, lead by the Soviet Union

  -promised supoort
• Describe the 6 stages of the arms race


  -atomic bomb 1945

  -1949 soviets made their own

  -1950 American Hydrogen Bomb

  -1957 Soviet Hydrogen Bomb

  -USA ballistic missiles

  -2 months later, Soviets also had ballistic missiles
• what occurred under Khrushchev's leadership?


  -he openly criticises Stalin, he suggests peace

  -the reasons as to why people had hope for peace:

  -war in Korea ended

  -both countries broke from arms race

  -Austria 1955 meeting had calmed tensions
• How did the Hungarian Uprising start?

  -Hungary didn't like Soviet control

  -they couldn't vote, food shortages, their leader was brutal
• what were the consequences of these attitudes in Hungary?

  -protested in Budapest

  -tore down statue of Stalin

  -Scoviets had lack of control
• how did Khrushchev respond to the Hungarian Uprising?


  -sent the red army to stop the riots

  -tried to please them with a new leader Imre Nagy
• what did Imre Nagy follow?


  -wanted voting and dictatorship

  -asked for political prisoners to be freed

  -asked Khrushchev to remove politocal troops
• what happened in November 1956 and the consequences?


  -Nagy said that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact

  -Khrushchev felt that other countries might follow and copy
• when and what was the soviet union invasion of Hungary?


  -4th November 1956

  -Khrushchev sent in the red army, Hungarians fought back and America didnt help Hungary because of their containment policy and the risk
• what were the short term consequences?


  -uprising failed

  -20,000 Soviet troops in Hungary

  -2,500 to 3,000 Hungarians killed

  -13,000 Wounded/Injured

  -Nagy and his supporters executed
• what were the long term consequences?


  -Khrushchev seemed more powerful

  -new leader in Hungary

  -showed Eastern Europe that America wont help them, made the USA look weak
• what occurred in 1958?


  -3 million East Germans moved to West Germany

  -refugee problem