topic 1

• What is the definition of a monomer?


  Smaller units which can create larger molecules
• What does the term "polymer" refer to?


  Many monomers bonded together
• What are the three examples of polymers mentioned in the lesson?


  Starch, cellulose, and glycogen
• What are the monomers of proteins and nucleic acids?


  Amino acids for proteins and nucleotides for nucleic acids
• What three elements do carbohydrates contain?


  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What are the names of the three types of carbohydrates based on their unit count?

  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
• What are the three monosaccharides you need to know for the AQA exam board?


  Glucose, fructose, and galactose
• What are the three disaccharides mentioned in the lesson?

  Sucrose, maltose, and lactose
• What are the three polysaccharides you need to know?


  Starch, cellulose, and glycogen
• Why is glucose considered a key monosaccharide?


  It is found in all three polysaccharides
• What is the molecular formula of glucose?


  C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$
• How many carbons are in the hexagon structure of glucose?


  Five carbons in the hexagon and one off the bond
• What is an isomer?


  Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
• What is the key difference between alpha and beta glucose?


  The position of the hydroxyl and hydrogen on carbon one
• What are the classifications of carbohydrates based on their unit count?

  • Monosaccharides: single unit
  • Disaccharides: two units bonded together
  • Polysaccharides: many units bonded together
• What are the key points about glucose that you need to remember?

  • Key monosaccharide in carbohydrates
  • Molecular formula: C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$
  • Exists as two isomers: alpha and beta
• What are the examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

  • Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
  • Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose
  • Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen
• Name three monosaccharides mentioned in the lesson.


  Glucose, fructose, and galactose
• Define a monomer and a polymer.


  A monomer is a smaller unit that can create larger molecules, while a polymer is made up of many monomers bonded together
• What does the prefix "di-" in disaccharide indicate?


  It indicates that disaccharides are made of two monosaccharides bonded together
• What is the bond called that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

  Glycosidic bond
• What type of reaction joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides?


  Condensation reaction
• What are the three disaccharides that students need to know?


  Maltose, lactose, and sucrose
• What common feature do all three disaccharides share in their formation?


  They all contain one molecule of glucose and release a molecule of water during formation
• How does a condensation reaction differ from a hydrolysis reaction?


  A condensation reaction joins molecules together by removing water, while hydrolysis splits molecules apart by adding water
• What does hydrolysis mean in the context of biological molecules?


  It means splitting apart molecules through the addition of water
• What is the significance of the numbers in glycosidic bonds, such as 1-2 or 1-4?


  They describe the location of the bond between specific carbon atoms
• What is the role of enzymes in hydrolysis reactions?


  Enzymes act as biological catalysts that facilitate hydrolysis reactions
• What are the key points about disaccharides?


  • Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides.
  • They are joined by glycosidic bonds.
  • Formed through condensation reactions (removal of water).
  • Common disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, lactose.
  • Hydrolysis can split disaccharides back into monosaccharides (addition of water).
• What happens to disaccharides during digestion in the body?


  They are hydrolyzed into monomers
• What is glycogenolysis?


  It is the process of splitting glycogen back into glucose
• How does the process of digestion relate to hydrolysis?


  Digestion involves hydrolyzing large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules
• What are polysaccharides created from?


  Polysaccharides are created from glucose monomers.
• What are the three polysaccharides you need to know?

  starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
• What is the function of starch in plants?


  Starch serves as a store of glucose in plants.
• What is the function of cellulose in plants?


  Cellulose provides structural strength to plant cell walls.
• What is the function of glycogen in animals?

  Glycogen serves as a store of glucose in animals.
• What are the key points to note about polysaccharides?


  • Created by condensation reactions
  • Composed of glucose monomers
  • Include starch, cellulose, and glycogen
  • Important for structure and function
• What type of glucose do starch and glycogen consist of?


  Starch and glycogen are formed from alpha glucose.
• What type of glucose does cellulose consist of?


  Cellulose is formed from beta glucose.