Organic chemistry

• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Remains of ancient biomass, mainly plankton
• Why is crude oil considered a finite resource?

  Because it is formed from ancient biomass and cannot be replenished quickly
• What are hydrocarbons made of?

  Hydrogen and carbon atoms
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$n$H$2n+$$2$
• Name the first four members of the alkane series.

  Methane, ethane, propane, butane
• How can alkane molecules be represented?

  In molecular formula or structural formula forms
• What should students be able to recognize about alkanes?

  Substances as alkanes given their formulae
• What is fractional distillation used for in crude oil processing?

  To separate hydrocarbons into fractions with similar carbon atom numbers
• What are some fuels produced from crude oil?

  Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases
• What does the petrochemical industry produce from crude oil?

  Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents
• How do the properties of hydrocarbons change with molecular size?

  Boiling point, viscosity, and flammability change with increasing molecular size
• What is released during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?

  Energy
• What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane.

  CH$4$ + 2O$2$ → CO$2$ + 2H$2$O
• What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?

  Breaking down hydrocarbons to produce smaller, more useful molecules
• What are the two methods of cracking mentioned?

  Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
• What are the products of cracking?

  Alkanes and alkenes
• How do alkenes differ from alkanes in terms of reactivity?

  Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
• What is the functional group of alkenes?

  C=C (double carbon-carbon bond)
• What happens when bromine water reacts with an alkene?

  The bromine water changes color
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C$n$H$2n$
• Name the first four members of the alkene series.

  Ethene, propene, butene, pentene
• What happens during the addition reactions of alkenes?

  Atoms are added across the carbon-carbon double bond
• What functional group do alcohols contain?

  –OH (hydroxyl group)
• Name the first four members of the alcohol series.

  Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
• What happens when alcohols react with sodium?

  They produce hydrogen gas
• What is produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast?

  Aqueous solutions of ethanol
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  –COOH
• Name the first four members of the carboxylic acid series.

  Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid
• What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

  They produce carbon dioxide
• Why are carboxylic acids considered weak acids?

  Because they partially ionize in solution
• What is the simplest type of polymerization called?

  Addition polymerization
• What happens during addition polymerization?

  Many small molecules join to form large molecules without losing any atoms
• What are the first two monomers used in condensation polymerization?

  Ethanediol and hexanedioic acid
• What is produced when amino acids polymerize?

  Polypeptides
• What is DNA essential for?

  Encoding genetic instructions for living organisms
• What are the monomers that make up DNA?

  Nucleotides
• What are the properties of hydrocarbons that depend on molecular size?

  • Boiling point
  • Viscosity
  • Flammability
• What are the uses of hydrocarbons in modern life?

  • Fuels (petrol, diesel)
  • Feedstock for petrochemical industry
  • Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents
• What are the steps involved in fractional distillation?

  1. Heating crude oil
  2. Evaporation of components
  3. Condensation of vapors
  4. Collection of fractions