Monoclonal Antibodies

• What is the main topic of today's video?

  Monoclonal antibodies
• What does the term "monoclonal antibodies" refer to?


  Antibodies from a single clone of cells
• How are monoclonal antibodies produced?


  By cloning a single cell and making it produce antibodies
• Which type of white blood cells produce antibodies?

  B lymphocytes (B cells)
• What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?


  To help fight disease by binding to antigens
• What are antigens?


  Foreign materials that antibodies bind to
• How do antibodies interact with bacteria?


  They bind to specific antigens on the bacteria
• What is the significance of using hybridoma cells in monoclonal antibody production?


  They produce antibodies and divide rapidly
• How are hybridoma cells created?


  By fusing B lymphocytes with fast-dividing tumor cells
• What is the purpose of injecting an animal with an antigen?


  To generate a response and produce specific B lymphocytes
• What can monoclonal antibodies be designed to bind to?


  Specific proteins, cells, pathogens, or chemicals
• How can monoclonal antibodies be used in cancer treatment?


  By attaching drugs or radioactive material to target cancer cells
• What are the steps involved in producing monoclonal antibodies?


  1. Inject an animal with the desired antigen.
  2. The animal's immune system produces specific B lymphocytes.
  3. Fuse B lymphocytes with fast-dividing tumor cells to create hybridomas.
  4. Allow hybridomas to divide and produce identical antibodies.
  5. Collect and purify the monoclonal antibodies.
• What happens to the hybridoma cells after they are formed?


  They divide rapidly and produce identical antibodies
• Why do we need to combine B lymphocytes with tumor cells?


  To ensure rapid division of the antibody-producing cells
• What is the advantage of monoclonal antibodies being specific?


  They can target specific proteins or cells without affecting others
• What can be attached to monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic purposes?


  Drugs, fluorescent proteins, or radioactive material
• What is the final goal of using monoclonal antibodies in treatment?


  To locate and destroy harmful cells like cancer cells