AP EURO UNIT 4

• What texts were rediscovered and popularized during the Renaissance?

  Ancient Greek, Roman, and Arabic texts
• What new discoveries and inventions became available by the 15th century?

  Telescopes, microscopes, thermometers, vacuum pumps
• How did the questioning of classical texts relate to ecclesiastical teachings during the Renaissance?

  Both were subjected to scrutiny and questioning
• What is skepticism in the context of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

  Skepticism is the rational questioning of prevailing institutions and thought patterns
• What ancient value became widespread again during the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

  Skepticism
• How did the invention of the printing press impact the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

  It facilitated the spread of ideas from scientists and philosophers
• What was the primary focus of the Scientific Revolution beyond science itself?

  It was a revelation about the nature of knowledge and ways of thinking
• In what fields did European thinkers apply reason and the scientific method during the Scientific Revolution?

  Politics, religion, economics, culture, and education
• What were the key contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton to the Scientific Revolution?

  • Copernicus: Proposed heliocentric model, challenging geocentric view
  • Galileo: Used telescope to confirm Copernican model
  • Newton: Developed laws of motion and universal gravitation
• What model of the universe did Copernicus challenge?

  The geocentric model
• How did Galileo contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

  He confirmed the Copernican model using a telescope
• Who presented the body as an integrated system, challenging traditional humoral theory?

  William Harvey
• What did Andreas Vesalius discover about Galen's theories?

  He found them to be incorrect after dissecting human cadavers
• What did Paracelsus propose as the cause of disease?

  A chemical imbalance in certain organs
• What did Francis Bacon and René Descartes contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

  They defined inductive and deductive reasoning and promoted experimentation
• What is inductive reasoning according to Francis Bacon?

  Using observations and evidence to support conclusions
• What is deductive reasoning according to René Descartes?

  Using logical deductions to create a certain conclusion
• How did alchemy and astrology relate to the new science during the Scientific Revolution?

  • Alchemy: Search for philosopher's stone and transformation of metals
  • Astrology: Belief in celestial influence on human affairs
  • Both shared notions of a predictable and knowable universe
• How did the Catholic Church respond to new scientific discoveries?

  They fought against the publication of many discoveries
• What was the role of European monarchs in scientific progress during the Scientific Revolution?

  They supported and funded scientific research
• Who created the Académie des sciences in 1666?

  Louis XIV
• What was Isaac Newton's most influential work published in 1687?

  Principia
• What did Newton describe in his work Principia?

  His three laws of motion and law of universal gravitation
• What were some notable endeavors of Isaac Newton besides his work in physics?

  • Experimented with optics
  • Invented calculus
  • Head of the British Royal Society
  • Worked for the royal mint
  • Engaged in theological studies
• Who were the intellectuals that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society?

  Voltaire and Diderot
• What were the philosophes known for during the Enlightenment?

  They criticized the ancient regime and sought social reform
• What questions did Enlightenment philosophers tackle regarding rights and government?

  • What rights do we have?
  • Who gets these rights?
  • What duty do we have towards each other?
  • What is the role of government?
  • Who has the right to rule?
• What is the title of Baron de Montesquieu's influential work?

  The Spirit of the Laws
• What system of government did Montesquieu advocate for?

  A separation of powers with checks and balances
• What did Cesare Beccaria argue against in his work On Crimes and Punishments?

  Torture, capital punishment, and cruel punishment
• What is Beccaria's deterrence theory?

  A punishment should outweigh the possible reward of committing a crime
• What controversial argument did Rousseau make regarding women?

  Women should remain in the home
• Who challenged Rousseau's views on women during the Enlightenment?

  Mary Wollstonecraft and Marquis de Condorcet
• What did Mary Wollstonecraft publish in 1792?

  Vindication of the Rights of Woman
• What was Wollstonecraft's argument regarding moral behavior?

  Reason is the basis of moral behavior for all human beings
• What did Marquis de Condorcet advocate for?

  Equal rights for women, including women's suffrage
• What is social contract theory and how did it evolve during the Enlightenment?

  • Replaced divine right theory
  • Society composed of individuals driven by self-interest
  • Originated in the consent of the governed
  • Influential in revolutions and formation of democracies
• Who were the three philosophers influential in developing social contract theory?

  Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau
• What did Thomas Hobbes argue regarding the nature of people?

  People are generally evil and need strong authority
• What significant event reinforced Hobbes' views on the social contract?

  The execution of King Charles I