module 5

• reproduction


  the ability of an organism to produce offspring ( continuity of life )
• sexual reproduction


  2 parents, mix of parent genes and different from each other and parents
• asexual reproduction


  1 parent, no sex cells ( gametes ), genetically identical offspring
• binary fission


  asexual reproduction, involves division of a cell into two
• budding


  asexual reproduction, part of an adult organism divides by mitosis and produces a small bud which separates from parents resulting in a new individual
• reproductive success


  amount of fertile offspring that survive to reproduce ( reproductive maturity )
• biological fitness


  measure of an individual's reproductive success, likelihood of genes appearing in the next generation and being passed on
• internal fertilisation


  the male and female gametes fuse inside the female body
• external fertilisation


  the male and female gametes fuse outside the female body
• advantages of internal fertilisation


  reduced risk of desiccation, protection from predation, higher success rates, fewer eggs need to be produced
• advantages of external fertilisation


  good in aquatic environments, no energy investment in finding a mate or carrying embryo, large numbers of gametes and offspring
• disadvantages of internal fertilisation


  requires male attention and copulation, more energy for female to carry embryo during gestation
• disadvantages of external fertilisation


  lower success rate of fertilisation due to vast area, lots of energy required to produce large number of gametes, lower survival of gametes
• petal


  whorl of leaves modified to increase likelihood of pollination, often brightly coloured/scented to attract
• sepal


  whorl of modified leaves that protect the unopened bud
• anther


  male gametes form surrounded by a pollen grain
• filament


  stalk that supports the anther
• pollen


  male gamete
• stigma


  sticky top surface of the flower where pollen adheres
• style

  supports stigma and joins stigma to ovary
• ovary


  contains female gamete
• ovule


  female gamete
• ovule are formed by meiosis
• pollination


  transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma so fertilisation can occur
• fertilisation


  fusion of pollen with the female gametes in the ovule, occurring in the ovary
• self-pollination


  pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower ( same plant )
• cross-pollination


  pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species
• advantages of internal fertilisation


  gametes and embryos are protected from predation, reduced risk of desiccation, fewer eggs need to be produced because of the higher success rate, parental care during development/gestation
• disadvantages of internal fertilisation


  requires male attention and copulation, higher investment in time and energy, higher energy required in female in carrying embryo during gestation
• plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms
• plants have developed a range of reproductive strategies to ensure the continuity of species such as utilising pollinating agents and seed dispersal agents
• vegetative propagation


  new plant individuals are produced from parts of an adult plant
• runners


  long thin stem that grows along the surface of the soil, where each node is new roots and leaves
• rhizomes


  stem of the plant extends and grows underground horizontally, each node is a new flowering stem
• suckers


  roots of the plants produces, which give rise to new plants
• apomixis


  produce embryos in seeds asexually, can gain advantage through seed dispersal
• fungi are multicellular eukaryotic organisms
• sexual reproduction in fungi


  production of female gametes and male gametes that must fuse in the event of fertilisation
• asexual reproduction in fungi


  spores and budding
• spores need a warm, damp, nutrient rich area