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Cards (35)
What are the energy sources for plants, animals, and microbes?
Carbohydrates
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What is the basis of the structure of many organisms?
Carbohydrates
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What complex molecules do carbohydrates form part of?
Glycoproteins
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What is the structure of a
pentose
sugar?
5-carbon
sugar
Examples:
Ribose
(in RNA),
Deoxyribose
(in DNA)
General formula
: C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub> = (
CH<sub>2</sub>O
)<sub>5</sub>
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What is the chemical formula for
Ribose
?
C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>
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What is the chemical formula for
Deoxyribose
?
C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>4</sub>
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What are the two types of projections used to depict carbohydrates?
Haworth projection
Fisher projection
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What is the general
formula
for
carbohydrates
?
(
CH<sub>2</sub>O
)<sub>n</sub>
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What are the different forms of glucose?
Beta-D-Ribofuranose
Beta-D-Glucopyranose
Different ring forms of glucose and
fructose
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What type of bond is found in
lactose
between
galactose
and
glucose
?
β(1-4) bond
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What is the
disaccharide
formed from glucose and glucose?
Maltose
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What is the
disaccharide
formed from
galactose
and glucose?
Lactose
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What is the
disaccharide
formed from glucose and fructose?
Sucrose
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What is the
disaccharide
formed from
galactose
and fructose?
Lactulose
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What are the common
disaccharides
and their compositions?
Maltose
:
glucose
+ glucose (
α(1-4)
)
Lactose
:
galactose
+ glucose (
β(1-4)
)
Sucrose
: glucose +
fructose
(
α(1-2)
)
Lactulose
: galactose + fructose (β(1-4))
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What are the two main functions of
carbohydrates
?
Energy storage
Structural components
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Where is
cellulose
found?
In
plant
cell walls and woody plants
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What is
chitin
and where is it found?
Exoskeletons of
insects
and
crabs
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What are
glycosaminoglycans
and where are they found?
In
connective tissue
,
cartilage
, and
joints
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What is
starch
and its function in plants?
Energy storage
in plant cells
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What are the two components of starch?
Amylose
and
amylopectin
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What is
glycogen
and its function in animals?
Energy storage in
animal cells
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What are
oligosaccharides
and
polysaccharides
?
Oligosaccharides: Polymers with under
12
building blocks
Polysaccharides: High molecular weight polymers of simple sugars connected by
glycosidic
bonds
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What is the most common building block of carbohydrates?
Glucose
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What type of bond connects simple sugars in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds
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What type of
glycosidic
bond is found in
maltose
?
α(1-4)
bond
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What are the characteristics of
amylose
?
Linear polymer of several thousand
glucose
units
Contains
α(1-4)
glycosidic linkages
Reducing end with
anomeric carbon
(C1) not involved in a glycosidic bond
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What is
maltose
a product of?
Amylose breakdown by
beta-amylase
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What are the characteristics of
amylopectin
?
Contains both
α(1-4)
and
α(1-6)
linkages
Branches every
24-30
residues
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How does glycogen differ from
amylopectin
?
Glycogen
branches every
10-12
residues
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What are the structural
polysaccharides
mentioned?
Cellulose
: found in all cell walls and woody plants
Chitin
: found in exoskeletons of insects and crabs
Glycosaminoglycans
: found in
connective tissue
,
cartilage
, and
joints
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What is
cellulose
formed from?
β-glucose
units with
β(1-4)
links
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How do
cellulose
molecules pack together?
They form strong fibers through inter-chain
hydrogen bonding
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What is one of the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere?
Cellulose
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What is the role of
lignin
in
cellulose
?
Reinforces cellulose for strength
Found in some plant cell walls
View source
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