Carbs

    Cards (35)

    • What are the energy sources for plants, animals, and microbes?
      Carbohydrates
    • What is the basis of the structure of many organisms?
      Carbohydrates
    • What complex molecules do carbohydrates form part of?
      Glycoproteins
    • What is the structure of a pentose sugar?

      • 5-carbon sugar
      • Examples: Ribose (in RNA), Deoxyribose (in DNA)
      • General formula: C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub> = (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>
    • What is the chemical formula for Ribose?

      C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>
    • What is the chemical formula for Deoxyribose?

      C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>4</sub>
    • What are the two types of projections used to depict carbohydrates?
      • Haworth projection
      • Fisher projection
    • What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

      (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>
    • What are the different forms of glucose?
      • Beta-D-Ribofuranose
      • Beta-D-Glucopyranose
      • Different ring forms of glucose and fructose
    • What type of bond is found in lactose between galactose and glucose?

      β(1-4) bond
    • What is the disaccharide formed from glucose and glucose?

      Maltose
    • What is the disaccharide formed from galactose and glucose?

      Lactose
    • What is the disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose?

      Sucrose
    • What is the disaccharide formed from galactose and fructose?

      Lactulose
    • What are the common disaccharides and their compositions?

      • Maltose: glucose + glucose (α(1-4))
      • Lactose: galactose + glucose (β(1-4))
      • Sucrose: glucose + fructose (α(1-2))
      • Lactulose: galactose + fructose (β(1-4))
    • What are the two main functions of carbohydrates?

      • Energy storage
      • Structural components
    • Where is cellulose found?

      In plant cell walls and woody plants
    • What is chitin and where is it found?

      Exoskeletons of insects and crabs
    • What are glycosaminoglycans and where are they found?

      In connective tissue, cartilage, and joints
    • What is starch and its function in plants?

      Energy storage in plant cells
    • What are the two components of starch?
      Amylose and amylopectin
    • What is glycogen and its function in animals?

      Energy storage in animal cells
    • What are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?

      • Oligosaccharides: Polymers with under 12 building blocks
      • Polysaccharides: High molecular weight polymers of simple sugars connected by glycosidic bonds
    • What is the most common building block of carbohydrates?
      Glucose
    • What type of bond connects simple sugars in carbohydrates?
      Glycosidic bonds
    • What type of glycosidic bond is found in maltose?

      α(1-4) bond
    • What are the characteristics of amylose?

      • Linear polymer of several thousand glucose units
      • Contains α(1-4) glycosidic linkages
      • Reducing end with anomeric carbon (C1) not involved in a glycosidic bond
    • What is maltose a product of?

      Amylose breakdown by beta-amylase
    • What are the characteristics of amylopectin?

      • Contains both α(1-4) and α(1-6) linkages
      • Branches every 24-30 residues
    • How does glycogen differ from amylopectin?

      Glycogen branches every 10-12 residues
    • What are the structural polysaccharides mentioned?

      • Cellulose: found in all cell walls and woody plants
      • Chitin: found in exoskeletons of insects and crabs
      • Glycosaminoglycans: found in connective tissue, cartilage, and joints
    • What is cellulose formed from?

      β-glucose units with β(1-4) links
    • How do cellulose molecules pack together?

      They form strong fibers through inter-chain hydrogen bonding
    • What is one of the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere?
      Cellulose
    • What is the role of lignin in cellulose?

      • Reinforces cellulose for strength
      • Found in some plant cell walls
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