Types of bonding

• What type of bonds link monosaccharides in carbohydrates?


  Glycosidic bonds
• What are the types of glycosidic bonds found in starch and glycogen?

  α-1,4 and α-1,6
• What type of glycosidic bond is found in cellulose?


  β-1,4
• What type of bonds join amino acids in proteins?

  Peptide bonds
• How are peptide bonds formed?

  They form between carboxyl and amino groups
• In which biomolecules are ester bonds found?


  In lipids, such as triglycerides and phospholipids
• What do ester bonds link in lipids?


  They link fatty acids to glycerol
• What type of bonds connect nucleotides in DNA and RNA?


  Phosphodiester bonds
• What is the role of hydrogen bonds in protein secondary structure?


  They are important in forming α-helices and β-pleated sheets
• How do hydrogen bonds contribute to the stability of DNA?


  They stabilize the DNA double helix
• What role do hydrogen bonds play in cellulose?


  They contribute to cellulose strength
• Where are ionic bonds found in biological molecules?


  In some protein structures
• Why are ionic bonds important in enzyme-substrate interactions?


  They facilitate binding between the enzyme and substrate
• What is the role of hydrophobic interactions in proteins?


  They contribute to protein tertiary structure
• How do hydrophobic interactions affect membrane lipid organization?


  They are important in organizing membrane lipids
• What are disulfide bridges?


  Covalent bonds between cysteine residues in proteins
• How do disulfide bridges contribute to protein structure?


  They contribute to tertiary and quaternary protein structure