attachment

• What is generally understood by the term infancy?


  The first year of a child's life before they begin to learn to speak
• What is one of the main key interactions between caregivers and infants?

  Non-verbal communication
• How do caregiver-infant interactions influence attachment?


  They form the basis of how attachment occurs between the caregiver and infant
• What determines the formation of attachment between a caregiver and an infant?


  The sensitivity each shows to one another's signals
• What are the two key concepts related to caregiver-infant interactions?

  • Reciprocity
  • Interactional Synchrony
• What is reciprocity in the context of caregiver-infant interactions?


  Mutual behavior where both parties generate a response from one another
• How does reciprocity strengthen the attachment bond?


  By facilitating and strengthening interactions between the infant and carer
• Who suggested that reciprocal behavior is an important precursor for communication development?

  Brazelton (1979)
• What does sensitivity to a child's needs and behavior lay the foundation for?


  The development of attachment
• What did Tronick et al. (1979) find regarding mothers and their babies during static interactions?


  Babies became puzzled and distressed when their smiles did not provoke a response
• What does interactional synchrony involve?


  Infants imitating specific hand and facial gestures from an adult model
• Who demonstrated that interactional synchrony occurred with infants imitating facial expressions?

  Meltzoff & Moore (1983)
• What does the study by Meltzoff & Moore (1983) suggest about interactional synchrony?


  It suggests that the behavior was innate rather than learned
• What are the issues with observing caregiver-infant interactions?


  • Difficult to test infant behavior due to changing facial expressions
  • Behaviors may lack validity as they are common in infants
  • Theories may lack internal validity
• What did Koepke et al. (1983) find regarding Meltzoff & Moore's study?


  They were unable to replicate the same findings
• What is one practical application of findings related to caregiver-infant interactions?


  Mothers can be placed in the same rooms with their children to form attachment bonds
• What did Deyong et al. (1991) find regarding infants and objects?


  Infants made little interactional synchrony or response to simulated objects
• What does the lack of cross-cultural support for interactional synchrony suggest?


  It weakens the idea that it is innate and necessary for attachment
• What did Le Vine et al. (1994) find about Kenyan mothers and attachment?


  They had little interaction with their infants yet a high proportion were securely attached
• What did Condon & Sander (1974) find in their analysis of infant video recordings?


  Infants coordinated their behavior in sequence with adults' speech
• What are possible exam questions regarding caregiver-infant interactions?

  Definitions of interactional synchrony and reciprocity, and studies of interactions
• What did John Bowlby believe about the first attachment?


  It influences how we conduct ourselves in relationships with others
• What are the four stages of attachment according to Schaffer?


  1. Indiscriminate attachments
  2. Attachment begins
  3. Discriminate attachment
  4. Multiple attachments

  
• What occurs during Stage 1 of Schaffer’s stages of attachment?


  Infants produce similar responses to all objects
• What happens during Stage 2 of Schaffer’s stages of attachment?


  Babies become more sociable and prefer human company
• What characterizes Stage 3 of Schaffer’s stages of attachment?


  Babies display separation anxiety from their main attachment figure
• What is significant about the attachment bond in Stage 3?


  It is based on sensitivity to the child's needs rather than time spent
• What occurs during Stage 4 of Schaffer’s stages of attachment?


  Infants display multiple attachments after forming the first attachment
• What did Schaffer and Emerson find regarding secondary attachments?


  29% of infants formed secondary attachments within one month of the first
• What is a major weakness of Schaffer & Emerson’s stages of attachment?


  The data may be unreliable due to biased maternal reports
• What is a limitation of the sample used in Schaffer & Emerson’s study?


  It was based on working-class mothers from a specific time period
• How might changes in modern caregiving practices affect the validity of Schaffer & Emerson’s findings?


  Findings may not apply to modern families with different caregiving dynamics
• What does research by Sagi et al. (1994) suggest about attachment?


  Attachment may not be universal and can vary by culture
• What did Carpenter (1975) find regarding infants and familiar voices?


  Infants stared longer at their mother's face when accompanied by her voice
• What is traditionally believed about fathers in attachment roles?


  Fathers are less likely to be primary attachment figures
• What did Lamb (1997) find regarding the connection between time spent and attachment?


  There was little connection between the amount of time spent and attachment
• What role do gender stereotypes play in the attachment of fathers?


  They affect the perception of fathers being sensitive to children's needs
• What does research suggest about the father's role in child development?


  Fathers encourage physical activity and problem-solving through play
• What did Paquette (2004) find about the father's role during physical play?


  Fathers encourage toddlers to take more risks during physical play
• What did Varissimo (2011) find regarding the quality of the father-toddler relationship?


  It significantly correlated with the number of friends at preschool