Hazards

• What are the tectonic and Geomorphic Hazards?

  Earquakes, Volcanoes, Tsunamis, avalanches, mass movements
• What factors affect the risk of Tectonic and Geomorphic hazards?

  Earthquakes and tsunamis- proximity to plate boundaries, land use and local topography

  Volcanoes - type of magma, thin vs thick (thick more explosive)

  Avalanches - heavy snowfall, gradient of land

  mass movement - hills and enscarpments
• Spatial Variability between Hazard events

  All hazards have the potential to kill, but similar hazards may have different impacts based on human and physical geography.

  E.g: 2010 Haiti 7.0 magnitude Earthquake: killed over 300k - destroyed whole island - barely recovered and then hit by another in 2021 -poorest country in world

  Whereas 7.2 magnitude hit Japan 2024 and only killed 48 people - developed country
• an example of Why were there differing impacts in the examples used in spatial variabiliy?

  Haiti - very few buildings designed for resisting earthquake - due to being poorest country

  Japan - more developed country - all buildings required to have an earthquake resistant structure
• Other examples of factors that can affect impacts of hurricanes?

  Schaffer Simpson scale for hurricanes only measures wind speed - but major impacts can be felt from flooding due to rainfall and storm surges

  Size of cell and speed of hurricane + changing direction of hurricane when close to land (difficult to predict even with modern tech), sequencing of events: florida in 2024 Hurricane Helene then =Milton - Not fully recovered

  e.g of first point - hurricane jean - only category 2 - but caused most deaths