ionic, covalent and metallic

• What is the primary way atoms combine with each other?

  Through the movement of electrons
• Why do atoms combine with other atoms?

  To achieve a greater level of stability
• How many types of bonding are studied at GCSE?


  Three types
• What are the three types of bonding studied at GCSE?


  • Ionic bonding
  • Covalent bonding
  • Metallic bonding
• What occurs during ionic bonding?


  Metals and non-metals react by transferring electrons
• What are the charged particles involved in ionic bonding called?


  Ions
• How do opposite charges behave in ionic bonding?

  They attract through electrostatic forces
• How do non-metal atoms bond covalently?

  By sharing pairs of electrons
• In which materials does metallic bonding occur?


  In metals and metal alloys
• What is an ion?


  An electrically charged atom or group of atoms
• Why do atoms form ions?


  To obtain a full outer shell of electrons
• What are negative ions called?

  Anions
• What are positive ions called?

  Cations
• How do metals and non-metals behave in ionic bonding?


  Metals lose electrons to become cations, while non-metals gain electrons to become anions
• What holds ionic compounds together?


  Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
• What is represented in dot and cross diagrams?

  • Arrangement of electrons in an ionic compound
  • Electrons shown as dots and crosses
  • Charge of the ion indicated in brackets
• What does the charge of an ion indicate?


  The number of electrons that an atom gains or loses
• How can ionic bonds be represented diagrammatically?


  Using dot and cross diagrams
• What is the formula of sodium chloride?


  NaCl
• How does magnesium form an ionic bond with oxygen?


  Magnesium loses two electrons, and oxygen gains two electrons
• What is the formula of magnesium oxide?


  MgO
• What is a giant ionic lattice?


  • A regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions
  • Ions are tightly packed together
  • Strong electrostatic forces hold the lattice together
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?


  Due to the strong electrostatic forces in the lattice structure
• How are ionic compounds represented in 3D models?


  • 3D ball and stick models show the arrangement of ions
  • Ionic bonds are depicted as sticks between ions
  • Space-filling models show the actual close packing of ions
• What is a limitation of the 3D ball and stick model?


  It incorrectly depicts space existing between individual ions
• What is covalent bonding?


  When non-metal atoms share electrons to obtain a full outer shell
• What occurs during the formation of covalent bonds?

  • Non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons
  • This sharing allows both atoms to achieve full outer shells
• What does a 3D ball and stick model represent in terms of ionic bonds?


  It shows the arrangement of oppositely charged ions and represents ionic bonds as sticks.
• How does an ionic bond actually function?


  An ionic bond is an electrostatic force of attraction that acts in all directions around an ion.
• What is a limitation of the 3D ball and stick model regarding space between ions?


  It incorrectly depicts space existing between individual ions.
• What is a more accurate representation of ionic compounds than the 3D ball and stick model?


  The 3D space-filling model is more accurate as it shows there is not much space between separate ions.
• What is difficult to represent in models of ionic compounds?


  It is difficult to represent the relative sizes of the ions in relation to each other correctly.
• How are positively and negatively charged ions arranged in ionic lattice structures?


  They are arranged in an alternating pattern.
• What occurs when non-metal atoms share electrons?

  They form covalent bonds to obtain a full outer shell of electrons.
• What do covalent bonds between atoms create?


  They create molecules.
• What type of forces exist between individual molecules in covalent substances?

  Weak intermolecular forces exist between individual molecules.
• What are shared electrons in covalent bonds called?


  They are called bonding electrons.
• What are electrons on the outer shell that are not involved in covalent bonds called?


  They are called non-bonding electrons.
• Why do simple covalent molecules not conduct electricity?


  They do not contain free electrons.
• What is a key difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?


  In covalent bonds, electrons are shared between the atoms, not transferred.