carbon structure and bonding

• What are the allotropes of carbon mentioned in the study material?


  Diamond and graphite
• How do diamond and graphite differ despite both being allotropes of carbon?


  They have different bonding arrangements, leading to different physical properties
• What is the bonding arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond?


  Each carbon atom bonds with four other carbons, forming a tetrahedron
• What type of bonds are present in diamond?


  Strong covalent bonds
• Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

  All outer shell electrons are held in covalent bonds, with no freely moving particles
• What is the melting point characteristic of diamond?

  Diamond has a very high melting point
• Why is diamond considered extremely hard and dense?

  Due to strong covalent bonds and a giant covalent structure
• How is diamond's hardness utilized in industry?

  It is used in cutting tools like drills
• What is the difference between hardness and strength in materials like diamond?

  Diamond is hard but brittle, meaning it can be smashed easily
• What is the structure of graphite?


  Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds, creating layers of hexagons

  
• What allows graphite to conduct electricity?


  The presence of free electrons that can move and carry charge
• What are delocalised electrons?


  Electrons that are free to move and are not confined to a specific location
• Why is graphite considered soft and slippery?


  Weak intermolecular forces allow layers to slide over each other
• How is graphite used in everyday items?

  It is used in pencils and as an industrial lubricant
• What is the significance of graphite in electrolysis?

  Graphite can be used to make inert electrodes for electrolysis
• What is the structure of graphene?

  A single layer of carbon atoms forming a continuous hexagonal layer

  
• What are the properties of graphene?

  It is strong, light, conducts heat and electricity, transparent, and flexible
• How does graphene's strength compare to its weight?

  Graphene is extremely strong but also very light
• How does graphene conduct electricity?

  Delocalised electrons can move along its surface
• What percentage of visible light does graphene absorb?


  1. 3 percent
• What are fullerenes?

  A group of carbon allotropes that form hollow tubes or spheres
• What is the structure of fullerenes?

  They consist of interlocking hexagonal rings, with some having rings of five or seven carbon atoms
• How can fullerenes be used in medicine?


  They can trap other molecules for targeted drug delivery systems
• What is the significance of Buckminsterfullerene?


  It was the first fullerene discovered and consists of 60 carbon atoms forming a hollow sphere
• Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of Buckminsterfullerene?


  Teams at Rice University and the University of Sussex
• What are carbon nanotubes?


  They are rolled sheets of graphene with high tensile strength
• How do carbon nanotubes conduct electricity?

  Similar to graphene, they can conduct electricity due to their structure
• What are the properties of diamond?

  • Does not conduct electricity
  • Very high melting point
  • Giant covalent structure
  • Extremely hard and dense
  • Useful in cutting tools like drills
• What are the properties of graphite?


  • Conducts electricity
  • High melting point
  • Giant covalent structure
  • Slippery due to layered structure
  • Used in pencils and as an industrial lubricant
• What are the properties of graphene?


  • Extremely strong but light
  • Conducts heat and electricity
  • Transparent
  • Flexible
• What are the uses of fullerenes?


  • Targeted drug delivery systems
  • Trapping catalyst molecules
  • Excellent lubricants in industrial processes
• What are the uses of carbon nanotubes?


  • High tensile strength in composites
  • Conduct electricity for specialized materials
  • Applications in electronics and nanotechnology