reactions of acids

• What is the general reaction when acids react with metals?


  Metal + Acid ⟶ Salt + Hydrogen
• Why can copper not react with acids?


  Because it is below hydrogen in the reactivity series
• How does the reactivity of a metal affect its reaction with acids?


  The more reactive the metal, the more vigorous the reaction
• Which metals are considered very dangerous when reacting with acids?

  Potassium and sodium
• What products are formed when acids react with metals?


  • Salt
  • Hydrogen gas
• What type of salts does sulfuric acid produce?


  Sulfate salts
• What type of salts does hydrochloric acid produce?


  Chloride salts
• What type of salts does nitric acid produce?


  Nitrate salts
• What is the ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid?


  Zn + 2HCl ⟶ ZnCl₂ + H₂
• What does the term 'redox' mean in the context of metal-acid reactions?


  Reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously
• In the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid, what happens to the zinc atoms?


  The zinc atoms are oxidised as they lose electrons
• What happens to the hydrogen ions in the reaction with zinc?


  The hydrogen ions are reduced as they gain electrons
• What are the characteristics of bases in acid-base reactions?


  • Neutralise acids
  • Have pH values above 7
  • Can be metal oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates
• What is produced in all acid-base neutralisation reactions?


  Salt and water
• What additional product is formed when a metal carbonate reacts with an acid?


  Carbon dioxide
• What type of salt does hydrochloric acid produce?


  Chloride salts
• What type of salt does sulfuric acid produce?


  Sulfate salts
• What type of salt does nitric acid produce?


  Nitrate salts
• What happens when acids react with metal oxides?


  • Produce corresponding metal salt
  • Produce water
• What happens when acids react with metal hydroxides?


  • Produce corresponding metal salt
  • Produce water
• What happens when acids react with metal carbonates?


  • Produce corresponding metal salt
  • Produce carbon dioxide
  • Produce water
• How can you test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas?


  By bubbling it through limewater
• What indicates the presence of carbon dioxide in limewater?


  If the limewater turns milky or cloudy
• What is the process for naming salts produced from acid-base reactions?


  • First part from the metal or base
  • Second part from the acid
• What is the formula for calcium sulfate?


  CaSO₄
• What is the formula for magnesium chloride?


  MgCl₂
• What is the formula for potassium nitrate?


  KNO₃
• What is the significance of the charges on ions when predicting the formula of a salt?


  The charges must balance to equal zero
• What is the formula for magnesium phosphate?


  Mg₃(PO₄)₂
• What is the process for preparing soluble salts from an acid and an insoluble base?


  1. Add excess insoluble base to acid
  2. Filter to remove excess base
  3. Evaporate water to crystallise salt
• Why is it important to add the insoluble reactant in excess during the preparation of soluble salts?


  To ensure all acid has reacted and prevent concentration
• What color are hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals?


  Bright blue
• What does the regular shape of salt crystals reflect?


  The ionic lattice structure in its bonding
• What is the objective of the required practical for preparing a soluble salt?


  To prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt
• What is the hypothesis for the preparation of a soluble salt?


  A salt can be prepared and separated by an acid-base neutralisation reaction
• What materials are needed for the preparation of a soluble salt?

  1. 0 mol/dm³ dilute sulfuric acid, copper(II) oxide, and laboratory equipment
• What is the first step in the preparation of a soluble salt?


  Add dilute acid into a beaker and warm gently
• What should you do after adding the insoluble oxide to the hot dilute acid?


  Stir until the base is in excess
• How can you check if the solution is saturated during the preparation of a soluble salt?


  By dipping a cold glass rod into the solution
• What should be done with the excess solution after crystallisation?


  Decant the excess solution and allow the crystals to dry