covalent structures

• What type of bond do non-metals form by sharing electrons?


  Covalent bonds
• What is the result of non-metals joining together by covalent bonds?


  They achieve full outer shells of electrons
• What are examples of simple molecular substances?

  Chlorine and ammonia
• What are giant covalent structures made of?


  Huge numbers of non-metal atoms bonded covalently
• Name three important examples of giant covalent structures.


  Diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide
• Why do giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points?


  Because strong covalent bonds need a lot of energy to break
• Do simple molecular substances conduct electricity? Why or why not?


  No, because they have no free electrons or electric charge
• What is the structure of giant covalent structures like?


  They are arranged into regular repeating lattices
• How does graphite differ from other giant covalent structures in terms of conductivity?


  Graphite can conduct electricity due to free electrons
• What is silicon dioxide also known as?


  Silica
• What is the ratio of silicon to oxygen atoms in silicon dioxide?


  1. 2
• What is the main component of sand?

  Silicon dioxide
• What are the key differences between simple molecular substances and giant covalent structures?


  • Simple molecular substances are small molecules with weak intermolecular forces.
  • Giant covalent structures consist of large networks of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds.
  • Simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points, while giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points.
• What happens to the intermolecular forces as you go down the group of halogens?


  They increase due to larger molecules
• What is the boiling point of chlorine?


  • 34 degrees Celsius
• What is the boiling point of bromine?


  59 degrees Celsius
• What is the boiling point of iodine?


  184 degrees Celsius
• Why do larger molecules require more energy to break intermolecular forces?


  Because they have more intermolecular forces due to their size
• What is the key takeaway regarding simple molecular substances and giant covalent structures?


  Simple molecular substances are small and weakly bonded, while giant covalent structures are large and strongly bonded