Rural vs Urban

• The urban core is an urban area that drives the economy. Areas likely to experience greater growth, investment and net migration gain.
• The rural periphery is an area away from the urban core.
• Urban areas are more likely to have more people, have younger people, greater variety and amount of jobs, greater quality of sevices and smaller houses.
• The multiplier effect is the positive cycle of investment, job creation and consumer spending.
• Population density in the urban core is high.
• Population density in the UK rural periphery is low.
• Age structure in the urban core, consists of mainly working age people, 18 - 65 and children from families.
• Age structure in the UK Rural Periphery tends to consist of more elderly populations and a low number of young adults.
• Economic activity in the urban core is many tertiary jobs, which leads to higher incomes.
• Economic activity in rural periphery areas, consists of mainly primary sector jobs such as agriculture.
• Services in the urban core have a wider variety and include specialist healthcare and universities.
• Services in rural periphery areas include basic services, like primary schools and GP surgeries, but there are long distances to reach specialists.
• In the urban core, the housing types are terraced, tower blocks and flats to maximise land use as land is expensive.
• In the rural periphery houses are detached or semi detached, and large gardens due to low land values.
• The urban core has good transport links, good roads and local transport - buses and trains, stop frequently over short distances.
• Transport in rural periphery areas is local but infrequent, buses and train services connect towns.
• Settlement types in the urban core are cities and large towns.
• Settlement types in the rural periphery include villages and small towns, known as Hamlets.
• Conurbation is a continuous or built up urban area, formed by merging towns or cities. Spreads out from major urban centres. For example, Greater Manchester or Greater London.
• As people get older in the UK, they tend to migrate to the rural periphery.
• Population density is the average number of people in a given area, people per km squared.
• A high population density is a densely populated area.
• A low population density is a sparsely populated area.
• Enterprise zones are places where the government offers financial to companies to locate there. It is done to try and stimulate the multiplier effect. This helps businesses with financial struggles and helps local people by stimulating the multiplier effect.
• Incentives for investment are: enterprise zones, improvement to infrastructure and regional development grants.
• Improvement to infrastructure is incentive for investment as it links rural regions to urban areas and helps people who work from home, but have to to into the office every now and then for their jobs.
• Regional development grants are incentives for investments as they are directly given to the local authorities to incentivise people to locate to / stay in rural areas.
• International/national migration is moving within the same country, often for work.
• Net immigration is the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants in a year. Positive net immigration leads to population growth.
• The UK's population is increasing due to rising birth rates, partly caused by immigration of people in their 20s and 30s; the aging population, caused by better healthcare; and net immigration - lots of people immigrating from Asia.
• London is growing at almost 1% a year.
• South East England, East England and East Midlands are growing more as people move further out of London to seek affordable property.
• The South West of the UK, especially Devon and Cornwall, is rising rapidly as more people retire there.
• Areas with slower economic growth in Wales and Northern England show evidence of a "North - South" divide.
• The government may wish to increase immigration in order to benefit the economy as most immigrants are working age which boosts taxes.
• The primary and secondary working sectors have declined because much of the work that used to be done by hand is now automated and competition from overseas means its cheaper to import products from countries where wages are lower.
• Free trade is removing barriers to international trade. For example, import tariffs, regulations, making things cheaper. However this can lead to businesses losing out to foreign competition. For example, we have a free trade agreement with the EU.
• Privatisation is when the government gives an industry to private companies to run. It is a controversial policy. In the 1980s, rail and energy companies were privatised.
• In the past 40 years, the UK has privatised:

  • energy
  • rail
  • reuse collection
  • parts of the NHS
• In the UK we have no tariffs/import taxes for trade with the EU (free trade). Advantages of this are countries can specialise in sectors they are strong in and import products from other countries that are more suited to producing them. Making the process cheaper. Disadvantages of this are that UK businesses can lose out to foreign competition, meaning people will stop buying their products and buy cheap imports instead.