MORE AP Bio Unit 2 EXAM

Created by

Lauren Szeto

Cards (59)

What is the core structure of cilia and flagella? 
"9 + 2" pattern – 9 pairs of microtubules around 2 central microtubules
What is the pattern of the basal body in cilia and flagella? 
"9 + 0" pattern; anchors them to the cell
What is the function of dynein arms in cilia and flagella? 
Motor proteins that use ATP to move microtubules
How do cilia function? 
Cilia are shorter and numerous, moving fluid over cell surfaces or propelling organisms
What is the primary function of flagella? 
Flagella are longer and fewer, propelling cells by whipping back and forth
What is the structure of microfilaments? 
Two intertwined actin strands
What are the functions of microfilaments? 
Structural support, cell movement, muscle contraction
What is the structure of microtubules? 
Hollow tubes made from tubulin dimers (alpha and beta)
What are the functions of microtubules? 
Structural support and aid in cilia/flagella movement
What is the structure of intermediate filaments? 
Middle thickness
What are the functions of intermediate filaments? 
Structural support and maintain organelle positions
What type of molecules can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer? 
Small, nonpolar molecules
How do small polar molecules pass through the phospholipid bilayer? 
They pass through less easily
How do large nonpolar molecules interact with the phospholipid bilayer? 
They pass through slowly
What is the permeability of large polar molecules and ions through the phospholipid bilayer? 
They cannot pass without transport proteins
What are integral (transmembrane) proteins? 
Proteins embedded in the membrane that interact with hydrophobic core and hydrophilic environments
What are peripheral proteins? 
Proteins that are loosely attached to the membrane surface
What is the structure of the cell wall? 
Composed of cellulose microfibrils, synthesized by cellulose synthase
What is the function of the cell wall? 
Provides rigidity, maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water uptake
What is the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM)? 
Network of glycoproteins (collagen, fibronectin) and proteoglycans
What is the function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)? 
Provides structural support, aids signal transmission, influences cell behavior
What are tight junctions? 
Seal spaces between cells to prevent leakage
What are desmosomes? 
Mechanical adhesion between cells via intermediate filaments
What are gap junctions? 
Allow ions/small molecules to pass between cells for communication
What are plasmodesmata in plants? 
Channels for molecule travel between plant cells
What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells? 
Structural support and protection
What is the role of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells? 
Controls movement in/out of the cell
What is the cytoplasm's function in prokaryotic cells? 
Site of metabolic reactions
Where is the nucleoid located in prokaryotic cells? 
Location of the cell’s DNA (not membrane-bound)
What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Protein synthesis
What is the role of flagella in prokaryotic cells?
Movement
What is the function of pili in prokaryotic cells?
Attach to surfaces
What is the function of the capsule in prokaryotic cells? 
Sticky outer layer for protection and attachment
What are the limits of cell size?
Too small = insufficient space for organelles; too large = inefficient nutrient/gas exchange
What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells? 
Stores DNA and controls gene expression
What is the role of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells? 
Protein synthesis (free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER)
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)? 
Protein synthesis and processing
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)? 
Lipid synthesis and detoxification
What does the Golgi apparatus do? 
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids
What is the function of mitochondria? 
ATP production through cellular respiration