Paper 1

• What is the purpose of prefixes in measurements?

  To represent very large or very small numbers in a more manageable form
• How would you express 1,000 meters using a prefix?

  1 kilometer (1 km)
• How do you convert units when you want a bigger number?

  You multiply by the conversion factor
• What is 5 micrometers in meters?

  $5 \text{ micrometers} =$$5 \div 1,000,000 =$$5 \times 10^{-6} \text{ m}$
• What is a force?

  A force is any push or pull acting on an object
• What are the two types of forces?

  Contact forces and non-contact forces
• What is an example of a contact force?

  Pushing a door
• What is the significance of vectors in representing forces?

  Vectors show both the direction and magnitude of the force
• How do you find the resultant force when two forces act in opposite directions?

  You subtract the smaller force from the larger force
• What happens if forces are balanced?

  The object will not accelerate and will maintain a constant velocity
• What is the formula for weight?

  Weight = mass × gravitational field strength
• What is the weight of a 1 kg mass on Earth?

  10 Newtons
• What does the equation for work done represent?

  Work done equals force times distance moved
• How do you calculate gravitational potential energy (GPE)?

  GPE = mass × gravitational field strength × height
• What is the unit of velocity?

  meters per second (m/s)
• What does the gradient of a distance-time graph represent?

  The speed or velocity of the object
• How do you find acceleration from a velocity-time graph?

  The gradient of the graph gives you the acceleration
• What is the unit of acceleration?

  meters per second squared (m/s²)
• What does a negative gradient on a velocity-time graph indicate?

  The object is decelerating
• What is the acceleration of an object in free fall near the Earth's surface?

  $9.8 \text{ m/s}^2$
• How can you find the distance traveled from a velocity-time graph?

  By calculating the area under the graph
• What does Newton's first law state?

  An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force
• What is inertia?


  The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion
• What is Newton's second law of motion?


  Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma)
• How can you prove Newton's second law experimentally?


  By using a trolley on a track and measuring acceleration with varying weights
• What does Newton's third law state?


  For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• How does Newton's third law apply to a ball and the Earth?


  The ball pulls the Earth up while the Earth pulls the ball down
• What is the overall stopping distance of a car composed of?


  The thinking distance and the braking distance
• How does doubling your speed affect your thinking distance?


  It doubles your thinking distance
• How does speed affect braking distance?


  Doubling your speed quadruples your braking distance
• What is the formula for kinetic energy?


  Kinetic energy = \(\frac{1}{2} mv^2\)
• What is the unit of momentum?


  kilogram meters per second (kg m/s)
• What is the relationship between kinetic energy and momentum?


  Kinetic energy is not always conserved in collisions, but total momentum is always conserved
• How do you calculate total momentum before a collision?


  By adding the momentum of all objects involved
• What happens to momentum in a cannon firing a cannonball?


  The momentum of the cannon and cannonball is equal and opposite, resulting in zero total momentum
• What is the equation for change in momentum?


  Change in momentum = mass × change in velocity
• How do seat belts and airbags reduce the force felt during a collision?


  They increase the time taken for momentum to change, resulting in a smaller force
• What is energy measured in?

  Joules (J)
• What is the principle of conservation of energy?


  Total energy in any interaction is always conserved
• What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?


  Gravitational potential energy = mass × gravitational field strength × height