The classification & transfer of skills

• What is a skill?

  learned action or behaviour with the intention of bringing about pre determined result
• what are the 4 continua’s?

  1. gross/fine
  2. internally/externally
  3. discrete/serial/continuous
  4. open/closed
• What is the gross/fine skill continua?

  based on the size of the muscle groups required to execute the actions
• Gross motor skills

  • require use of larger muscle groups
  • less precise
  • fundamental movement patterns
• Fine motor skills

  • greater control of smaller muscle groups
  • precise movements
  • high levels of hand eye coordination
• What is internally paced/externally paced skill continua?

  Based on the performer
• externally paced

  • Timing of the performance determined by outside source
  • Open environment
• internally paced

  • self paced
  • performer controls the timing of the performance
  • closed environment
• Discrete/serial/continuous

  Based on how many movements form the skill
• discrete skill

  • one distinct movement
  • clear beginning and end
  • repeatable
• serial skill

  • Serval discrete movement put together in a series
• continuous skill

  • repetitive movements
  • no clear start and finish
• open/closed skill continua

  type of environment the skill is performed inn
• open skills

  • Directly affected by the environment
  • need to adapt to the skill each time
  • Unpredictable environment
• closed skills

  • performed in a predictable environment
  • same movement each time
  • pre learnt skills
• Transfer of skills

  refers to when skills have been developed in one situation and then can be used in others

  Important for teachers and coaches to develop the fundamental skills and provide further challenges
• zero transfer

  • skills learnt have from one sport have no impact of learning new skills in another sport
• retroactive transfer

  • learning a new skill has an influence on a previuously learnt skill
  • can be positive or negative
• proactive transfer

  • The influence of one skill on a skill Yet to be learnt
• negative transfer

  • learning and performance of s skill interfere with the learning of another skill
• bilateral transfer

  • transfer from one skill from one limb to another
• positive transfer

  • learning and performance of one skill is enhanced by the learning and performance of developing another skill
• 3 stages of learning

  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Autonomous
• cognitive learning:

  • extrinsic & terminal feedback
  • command style preferred
  • conscious thought required by the learner
  • mental image
  • gain information and understanding through their senses
  • trial and error learning
• associative learning

  • practice stage
  • more trial and error
  • tactics related to the skill develop
  • intrinsic & concurrent feedback
  • performer starts to form a motor programme
  • knowledge of results and performance
  • match technical model to performance
• autonomous learning

  • Accurate
  • skill becomes habitual
  • intrinsic feedback
  • Little thought
  • Discovery or problem solving preferred
  • Intrinsic feedback
• What stage of learning gives terminal feedback?

  Cognitive stage
• what stage of learning gives concurrent feedback?

  associative
• what stage of learning gives intrinsic feedback?

  associative & autonomous
• what stage of learning gives extrinsic feedback?

  cognitive
• what stage requires no/little thoughts?

  autonomous
• what stage requires full attention to the skill?

  cognitive
• what stage of learning is trial & error?

  associative
• what stage of learning is habitual?

  autonomous
• what stage of learning is understanding overall concept of the skill?

  cognitive
• sporting examples of cognitive learning:

  • learning how to hold the golf club and where to stand
  • learning how to aim a netball shot/pass to the right person
• sporting examples of associative:

  • learning how to do multiple shots with a golf club and to aim it into the holes
  • how to know what type of netball pass to do eg-chest, bounce, overhead etc
• sporting examples of autonomous learning:

  • knowing how to adapt in scenarios and what golf shot to do or angle to shoot at without thinking
  • knowing what netball pass to do in a game with no thought
• What is a S-R bond?

  Performer learns to link a particular response to a particular stimulus
• define reinforcement

  the manipulation of a stimulus to ensure that a response recurs