Phys

• Cardiac muscles make up the walls of the heart and contract involuntarily to pump blood.
• What are Group 1 elements also known as?

  Alkali metals
• Why are Group 1 elements very reactive?


  They have 1 electron in their outer shell, which is easily lost
• How does reactivity change as you move down Group 1 elements?


  Reactivity increases going down the group
• What happens to the melting and boiling points of Group 1 elements as you go down the group?


  They decrease going down the group
• What are Group 7 elements known as?

  Halogens
• How does reactivity change as you move down Group 7 elements?


  Reactivity decreases going down the group
• Why do Group 7 elements have higher melting and boiling points as you go down the group?


  They have more electrons, leading to stronger intermolecular forces
• How many electrons do Group 7 elements have in their outer shell?


  7 electrons
• What are Group 0/8 elements known as?

  Noble gases
• Why are noble gases considered inert?


  They have a full outer shell of electrons
• What happens to the boiling point of noble gases as you go down the group?


  It increases going down the group
• What is the formula for energy transfer by heating?

  Work done = energy transferred
• How does friction between a car's brakes and wheels affect energy transfer?


  It transfers energy from the wheels to thermal energy in the surroundings
• What is the formula for kinetic energy?


  $E_k =$$\frac{1}{2}mv^2$
• Calculate the kinetic energy of a car with a mass of 2500 kg traveling at 20 m/s.


  $E_k =$$\frac{1}{2} \times 2500 \times 20^2 =$$500000 \text{ J}$
• What is gravitational potential energy?


  Energy stored in an object raised in a gravitational field
• What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?


  $E_p =$$mgh$
• What happens to energy when an object falls?

  Gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy
• What is specific heat capacity?


  The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C
• How does specific heat capacity vary among different materials?


  Different materials require different amounts of energy to change temperature
• What is the relationship between energy transfer and temperature change in specific heat capacity?


  More energy is transferred to materials with high specific heat capacity to increase their temperature
• What is the formula for calculating the change in thermal energy?


  $\Delta E =$$mc\Delta \Theta$
• What does the symbol $c$ represent in the specific heat capacity formula?


  Specific heat capacity (J/kg°C)
• What does the symbol $\Delta \Theta$ represent in the specific heat capacity formula?


  Temperature change
• What are the two main types of cells?

  Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
• What distinguishes Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic cells?


  Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all plant and animal cells
• What components are found in Animal Cells?

  Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
• What additional components do Plant Cells have compared to Animal Cells?


  Cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts
• What are the components of Bacterial cells?

  Cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasmids
• How does the DNA structure differ in Bacterial cells compared to Eukaryotic cells?


  Bacterial cells have a single strand of DNA in the cytoplasm
• What is the function of chloroplasts and mitochondria in cells?


  Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, and mitochondria are involved in energy production
• What is the primary function of light microscopes?


  To use light and lenses to form an image of a sample and magnify it
• What can light microscopes allow us to see?


  Individual cells and large subcellular structures
• How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes?


  Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light and have higher magnification and resolution
• What are the limitations of light microscopes?


  They have low magnification and resolution
• What are the limitations of electron microscopes?


  They cannot be used for living samples and are expensive
• What is diffusion?


  The spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of high concentration
• What factors affect the rate of diffusion?


  Difference in concentration, temperature, surface area of the membrane
• How do particles move during diffusion?


  Particles move down the concentration gradient without energy needed