Opposition , resistance and conformity

• What was the level of conformity with the Nazi regime during the 1930s?

  There were high levels of conformity.
• What factors contributed to the high levels of conformity with the Nazi regime?

  Censorship, propaganda, and Nazi economic successes contributed to conformity.
• What was a common reaction among Germans towards the banning of political parties?

  Many Germans disagreed, but very few resisted or opposed it.
• What was one of the main sources of resistance to the Nazis?

  The churches were a main source of resistance.
• Who set up the Pastors' Emergency League (PEL) and when?

  A group of Protestant pastors, including Martin Niemöller, set it up in 1933.
• What was the purpose of the Pastors' Emergency League (PEL)?

  To oppose the creation of the Reich Church.
• What did the PEL create in 1934?

  The Confessing Church.
• How many pastors joined the Confessing Church, and how many were sent to concentration camps?

  About 6,000 pastors joined, and 800 were sent to concentration camps.
• What happened to Martin Niemöller between 1934 and 1937?

  He was repeatedly arrested for opposing the Nazis.
• When was Martin Niemöller imprisoned in concentration camps?

  Between 1938 and 1945.
• How many Catholic priests were imprisoned at Dachau concentration camp for opposing the Nazis?

  About 400 Catholic priests were imprisoned.
• What type of opposition came from young people against the Nazi regime?

  Some young people refused to join Nazi youth groups and set up their own alternatives.
• What were the Edelweiss Pirates known for?

  They were working-class teenagers who resented the lack of freedom in Nazi Germany.
• What activities did the Edelweiss Pirates engage in?

  They copied American clothing, went for hikes, and taunted Hitler Youth groups.
• Who were the Swing Youth?

  They were mainly middle-class teenagers who admired American culture.
• What type of music did the Swing Youth particularly admire?

  They admired jazz music.
• How did the actions of anti-Nazi youth groups differ from those of more organized resistance movements?

  Their actions were limited and lacked strong political motives, focusing more on freedom from controls.
• How many members did the Edelweiss Pirates have by 1939?

  About 2,000 members.