The later Middle Ages

• What was the community's role in law enforcement during the Later Middle Ages?

  The whole community remained responsible for enforcing the law.
• What methods were used to determine guilt in the Later Middle Ages?

  Trial by ordeal and trial by combat were used to determine guilt.
• What types of punishments were still in use during the Later Middle Ages?

  Punishments such as mutilation and the stocks and pillory were still used.
• How did centralization affect power during the Middle Ages?

  Centralization led to the king having more power.
• Who introduced coroners and in what year?

  Richard I introduced coroners in 1194.
• What was the role of coroners introduced by Richard I?

  Coroners dealt with situations where there was a suspicious death.
• What were Justices of the Peace and when were they introduced?

  Justices of the Peace were royal officials introduced in 1327.
• Who typically served as Justices of the Peace?

  Justices of the Peace were usually local wealthy men appointed by the king.
• What significant legal reform did Henry II implement in 1166?

  Henry II reorganised the courts and set up prisons for accused individuals.
• What was the purpose of royal judges (Justices in Eyre) visiting counties?

  They visited to hear the most serious criminal cases twice a year.
• How did the Black Death impact labor and legislation in England?

  Peasants demanded higher wages due to a shortage of laborers after the Black Death.
• What legislation was passed in 1351 regarding wages?

  The Statute of Labourers set a maximum wage and forbade peasants from moving for work.
• What was the purpose of laws against heresy introduced in the later Middle Ages?

  They were introduced to punish religious reformers challenging the Church's teachings.
• What was a common punishment for convicted heretics?

  Convicted heretics were often burnt at the stake.
• What new punishment was invented for high treason in the later Middle Ages?

  The punishment of hanging, drawing, and quartering was invented for high treason.