PHAY002;Bonding and structure, functional groups

• What is organic chemistry primarily concerned with?


  Compounds of carbon
• Why is molecular structure important in organic chemistry?


  It determines the properties of a compound
• What can a trained chemist infer from a compound's structure?


  They can predict its chemical and physical properties
• What does the atomic number (Z) represent?


  The number of protons in an element's nucleus
• What does the atomic mass number (A) consist of?


  The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• How do electrons contribute to the overall charge of an atom?


  The number of electrons equals the number of protons, resulting in no net charge
• What holds an atom together?


  The attractive forces between the nucleus and electrons
• What are electron shells?


  Distinct energy levels where electrons are found
• How are electron shells numbered?


  From the inside out using whole numbers
• What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an orbital?


  Two electrons
• What is the shape of the 1s orbital?


  Spherically shaped
• How many orbitals does the second shell contain?


  Four orbitals (2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz)
• What is the electron configuration for carbon?


  1s²2s²2p²
• What does the shorthand notation in electron configuration indicate?


  The principal quantum number, shape of orbitals, and number of electrons
• How many valence electrons does oxygen have?


  Six valence electrons
• What are valence electrons?


  Electrons in the outermost shell that participate in bonding
• What is a Lewis structure?


  A structural representation showing valence electrons as dots
• What happens to sodium when it loses one electron?


  It becomes a positively charged sodium cation (Na⁺)
• What is the result of fluorine gaining an electron?


  It becomes a negatively charged fluoride anion (F⁻)
• What is an ionic bond?


  The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
• How many valence electrons does carbon have?


  Four valence electrons
• How does carbon achieve a stable electron configuration?


  By sharing electrons with other atoms
• What is a covalent bond?


  A bond involving the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms
• How many covalent bonds can carbon form?


  Four covalent bonds
• What is the significance of the sp³ hybrid orbitals in carbon?


  They allow carbon to form four identical bonds
• What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral carbon atom?


  109.5°
• What is a sigma bond?


  A covalent bond that is symmetrical around the line between the nuclei that is formed when the 1s orbital of hydrogen overlaps with the sp3 orbital of carbon
• How does polarity affect a molecule's properties?


  It influences solubility, boiling point, and interactions with other molecules
• What is electronegativity?


  The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
• What happens when two atoms have very different electronegativities?


  One atom is likely to transfer an electron to the other, forming an ionic bond
• What is the overall polarity of a molecule determined by?


  The contribution of all polar bonds within the molecule
• Which molecules are considered non-polar?


  Methane and ethane
• What are the key concepts of polarity in chemistry?


  • Influences physical properties (solubility, boiling point)
  • Affects molecular interactions
  • Important for drug absorption and interactions
  • Essential for protein folding and DNA structure
• What is the significance of Lewis structures in organic chemistry?


  • Show valence electrons as dots
  • Help visualize bonding and electron sharing
  • Useful for predicting molecular geometry
• What is the role of hybridization in covalent bonding?


  • Mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals
  • Explains identical bond properties in molecules like methane
  • Essential for understanding molecular shapes and angles
• How does the concept of chirality relate to carbon bonding?


  • Tetrahedral carbon atoms can create chiral centers
  • Important for the biological activity of drugs
  • Affects how molecules interact with biological systems
• What are the implications of electronegativity in covalent bonding?


  • Determines the polarity of bonds
  • Influences molecular reactivity and stability
  • Affects the distribution of electron density in molecules
• What is the importance of understanding molecular structure in organic chemistry?


  • Predicts chemical behavior and reactivity
  • Guides synthesis and design of new compounds
  • Essential for drug development and formulation
• What role do neutrons play in the atomic mass number?


  Neutrons contribute to the atomic mass number along with protons
• What is Hund's rule in electron configuration?


  Each 2p orbital gets one electron before any gets two