Approaches

• What is the focus of the learning approaches in psychology?


  The importance of learning in shaping behavior
• What are the main components of the behaviourist approach?


  • Classical conditioning (Pavlov's research)
  • Operant conditioning (Skinner's research)
  • Types of reinforcement
• What does social learning theory emphasize?


  The role of imitation and modeling in learning
• What is the cognitive approach in psychology?


  The study of internal mental processes and the role of schema
• What does the biological approach focus on?


  The influence of genes and biological structures on behavior
• What are the key components of the psychodynamic approach?


  The role of the unconscious and the structure of personality (ID, ego, superego)
• What is the main focus of humanistic psychology?


  Free will and self-actualization
• What are the key features of Wundt's introspection method?


  • Systematic experimental attempt to study the mind
  • Participants report inner experiences in response to stimuli
  • Aimed to break down consciousness into basic structures
• How did Wundt's work contribute to psychology as a science?


  He established controlled conditions for studying consciousness
• What is structuralism in psychology?


  The attempt to isolate the structure of consciousness
• What did Nisbett and Wilson (1977) find about introspection?


  People's reports on cognitive processes are based on prior judgments
• What was Watson's main criticism of introspection?


  It produced subjective data that varied from person to person
• What are the main assumptions of behaviourism?


  1. Behaviour is learned from experience.
  2. Psychology should study observable behaviour.
  3. Animal behaviour can be studied to understand human behaviour.
• Who discovered classical conditioning?


  Ivan Pavlov
• What is the process of classical conditioning?


  Learning to associate a reflex response with a new stimulus
• What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?


  A stimulus that produces a reflex response
• What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's experiment?


  The learned response to the conditioned stimulus
• What is the difference between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?


  Generalization occurs when similar stimuli elicit the same response, while discrimination occurs when different stimuli do not
• What is operant conditioning?


  A form of learning where behavior is shaped by its consequences
• What are the types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?


  1. Positive reinforcement: Receiving a reward for behavior.
  2. Negative reinforcement: Avoiding something unpleasant.
  3. Punishment: Experiencing an unpleasant consequence for behavior.
• What is the Skinner box used for?


  To study operant conditioning in a controlled environment

  
• How did Skinner demonstrate operant conditioning with rats?


  By placing them in a box where they could press a lever for food
• What is the significance of the behaviourist approach in psychology?


  It established psychology as a scientific discipline focused on observable behavior
• What is the legacy of the behaviourist approach today?


  Many psychologists still use laboratory experiments in their research
• What are the limitations of behaviourism?


  • Limited scope of research
  • Overemphasis on observable behavior
  • Neglect of internal mental processes
• What did Tolman (1932) demonstrate about rats in mazes?


  Rats developed an internal map to find food
• How has psychology evolved since the cognitive revolution in the 1960s?


  The study of mental processes is now seen as a legitimate scientific area
• What methods do researchers in the biological approach use?


  Experimental data and recent technological advances
• What are the aims of psychology compared to natural sciences?


  To describe, understand, predict, and control behavior
• What are some criticisms of psychology as a science?


  It often studies unobservable phenomena and creates artificial behaviors
• What are the differences between the humanistic and psychodynamic approaches?


  Humanistic:

  • Focuses on subjective experience
  • Emphasizes free will and self-actualization

  
  

  Psychodynamic:

  • Focuses on unconscious motives
  • Uses case study methods
• What is the role of conditions of worth in humanistic psychology?


  They influence self-actualization and personal growth
• What is the significance of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?


  It outlines the stages of human motivation and self-actualization
• How do the different approaches in psychology compare?


  They offer various perspectives on understanding behavior and mental processes
• What is the main focus of cognitive neuroscience?


  The relationship between brain activity and cognitive processes
• What is the significance of the scientific method in psychology?


  It allows for objective investigation and the formulation of general laws
• How has the perception of psychology as a science changed over time?


  It has evolved to include various scientific methods and approaches
• What are the key criticisms of the scientific approach in psychology?


  • Artificial behaviors in contrived situations
  • Subject matter often unobservable
  • Not all psychologists agree on scientific methods
• What is the role of the ID, ego, and superego in the psychodynamic approach?


  They represent different aspects of personality
• What are defense mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach?


  Strategies used by the ego to protect against anxiety