psychology- psycopathology

• What does the term "social norms" refer to in the context of abnormality?


  Unwritten behavioral expectations that vary by culture, time, and context
• Who are considered social deviants?


  Individuals who break the norms of their society
• What is an example of behavior showing high cultural specificity?

  Tolerance to homosexuality
• Why is diagnosing abnormality according to social norms considered not ethnocentric?


  It does not impose a Western view of abnormality on non-Western cultures
• What does "failure to function adequately" mean?


  When individuals cannot cope with daily life challenges
• What are some features of maladaptive behavior according to Rosenhan and Seligman?


  Unpredictable actions, personal anguish, and causing discomfort to others
• What does statistical infrequency refer to in the context of mental health?


  Being mentally abnormal if a condition is very rare in the population
• What is one criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability disorder in the DSM-5?


  Having an IQ of 70 points or fewer
• What is the main criticism of statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality?


  Not all statistically rare traits are negative
• What are the six features of ideal mental health according to Joda?


  Environmental mastery, autonomy, resisting stress, self-actualization, positive attitude to self, and accurate perception of reality
• Why is the definition of ideal mental health considered holistic?


  It considers multiple factors in diagnosis and suggests personal development
• What are the behavioral characteristics of phobias?


  Behavioral avoidance and panic responses
• What is a common emotional response associated with phobias?


  Intense anxiety and discomfort
• What cognitive characteristics are associated with phobias?


  Irrational thoughts and exaggerated beliefs about harm
• What are the behavioral symptoms of depression?


  Reduction in activity level and changes in eating behavior
• What emotional symptoms are associated with depression?


  Persistent low mood and feelings of guilt
• What cognitive characteristics are associated with depression?


  Poor concentration and negative schemas
• What are the behavioral characteristics of OCD?


  Compulsions and avoidance behaviors
• What emotional response is commonly experienced in OCD?


  High levels of anxiety and arousal
• What cognitive characteristics are associated with OCD?


  Intrusive thoughts and hypervigilance
• What does the two-process model describe in relation to phobias?


  How phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
• What is classical conditioning in the context of phobias?


  When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus
• What is operant conditioning in the context of phobias?


  When avoidance behavior leads to a reduction in anxiety, reinforcing the phobic response
• What is generalization in the context of phobias?


  Experiencing a conditioned fear response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
• What evidence supports the idea that phobias can be acquired through association?


  Little Albert's experiment demonstrated a phobic response formed through conditioning
• What is systematic desensitization?


  A therapy that gradually exposes clients to their phobic stimulus while teaching relaxation techniques
• What is flooding in the context of phobia treatment?


  Immediate and full exposure to the maximum level of the phobic stimulus
• What is the main criticism of flooding as a treatment for phobias?


  It may not be appropriate for older individuals
• What is the effectiveness of systematic desensitization compared to flooding?


  Systematic desensitization allows for client control, making it a more pleasurable experience
• What is the cognitive explanation for depression according to Beck?


  Depression is due to irrational thoughts from maladaptive internal mental processes
• What is Beck's negative triad?


  A framework of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
• What does Ellis's ABC model represent?


  A model that explains how activating events lead to beliefs and consequences
• What is the role of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depression?


  To change negative schemas and challenge irrational thoughts
• What is the effectiveness rate of CBT after 36 weeks of treatment?


  81%
• What is the main criticism of CBT for treating depression?


  Some individuals may be too severely depressed to engage with its demands
• What is the genetic explanation for OCD?


  OCD is inherited and involves multiple candidate genes
• What is the neural explanation for OCD?


  Low serotonin levels and overactivity in the worry circuit of the brain
• What is the primary class of drugs used to treat OCD?


  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• What are some common side effects of SSRIs?


  Nausea, headache, and insomnia
• What is the main advantage of drug therapy compared to CBT?


  Drug therapy is relatively inexpensive and convenient